Ga H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1i tim giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ecb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi coi th\u01b0\u1eddng. Ga H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f2n l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u t\u00edch h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Kh\u00f4ng l\u1ef1c Hoa K\u1ef3 (1964-1972), \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00fang ra, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u0103n d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 n\u1ed7i \u0111au chi\u1ebfn tranh, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u sau c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ga H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua hai cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111au th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n, th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn n\u0103m 1946, Nh\u00e0 ga c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng mang linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4, khi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ec5 \u0111\u00f3n Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ch sau khi \u0111i d\u1ef1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 k\u00fd T\u1ea1m \u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eb1m gi\u1eef v\u1eefng n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
H\u1ed3 Ch\u1ee7 T\u1ecbch \u0111i b\u1eb1ng t\u00e0u bi\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng t\u00e0u h\u1ecfa v\u1edbi v\u00f4 v\u00e0n t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft gay c\u1ea5n, m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ghi ch\u00e9p n\u00e0o c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng hai n\u00e0y, khi c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed lo l\u1eafng tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ee9c \u00e9p c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c d\u1ed3n l\u00ean n\u1ec1n h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh m\u1ecfng manh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc non tr\u1ebb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng t\u00e0u h\u1ecfa c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u1ee7 T\u1ecbch, cu\u1ed9c m\u00edt tinh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u00e0 ga H\u00e0ng C\u1ecf, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i su\u1ed1t d\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Tr\u1ea7n H\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1o, v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 Ph\u1ee7 (tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u01b0\u1eddn hoa Con C\u00f3c) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t thanh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tr\u00ean l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n 31 v\u00e0 49 m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Ph\u00e1t thanh Ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i Vi\u1ec7t Nam (\u0110PTTNVN), \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau qu\u00fd v\u00e0 tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thu ph\u00e1t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ghi l\u1ea1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0110PTTNVN. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb phai nh\u1ea1t, n\u1ebfu th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 h\u00f4m nay c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh quay l\u01b0ng. B\u1ea3n ghi ch\u00e9p ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean V\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec7n Nguy\u1ec5n D\u1ef1c (1921-2000).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u1ed9i dung ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n D\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, r\u1ed1i ren, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1edd v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, y\u00eau t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ed3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a r\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1ed3 Ch\u1ee7 T\u1ecbch sau khi xu\u1ed1ng t\u00e0u h\u1ecfa, ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c m\u00edt tinh tr\u01b0\u1edbc Ga H\u00e0ng C\u1ecf, nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111i v\u1ec1 B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 Ph\u1ee7, theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c quy m\u00f4 v\u00e0 long tr\u1ecdng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc VNDCCH v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft, Ga H\u00e0ng C\u1ecf c\u00f2n l\u00e0 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m, k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3\u2026 kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1, trong cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb 1964 \u0111\u1ebfn 1975.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Nguy\u1ec5n Ng\u1ecdc Chu – C\u1ef1u c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7n To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc (Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam), gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m qua.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn d\u1eaft theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf, v\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh n\u00eau li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Ga H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i n\u00f3i ri\u00eang v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u00f3i chung, gi\u00fap cho m\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec1u, v\u00ec sao ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i di s\u1ea3n?!.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng!<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nguy\u1ec5n L\u00e2n B\u00ecnh.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n Nguy\u1ec5n Ng\u1ecdc Chu: Ga H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i: Ti\u1ebfng v\u1ecdng th\u1ed1ng thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh t\u1ec9nh t\u1eeb t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t v\u00f4 nh\u1ecb \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i hi\u1ebfm tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ch\u1ea1y t\u1eeb Th\u00e1p Ch\u00e0m l\u00ean \u0110\u00e0 L\u1ea1t d\u00e0i 83,5km, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1908-1932 \u0111\u1ec3 leo \u0111\u1ed9 cao 1 500 m nh\u1edd h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray r\u0103ng c\u01b0a. V\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1975-1976, ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea5y t\u00e0 v\u1eb9t tuy\u1ebfn Th\u00e1p Ch\u00e0m \u2013 \u0110\u00e0 L\u1ea1t \u0111em s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Th\u1ed1ng Nh\u1ea5t \u0111o\u1ea1n B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh \u2013 Qu\u1ea3ng Nam cho k\u1ecbp ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 khai tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1976.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm Th\u00e1p Ch\u00e0m \u2013 \u0110\u00e0 L\u1ea1t, t\u1ec9nh L\u00e2m \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n khai th\u00e1c r\u1eebng, huy \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea5p t\u1ed1c 230 000 th\u00e0nh t\u00e0 v\u1eb9t b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 xin gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00e0 v\u1eb9t v\u00e0 ray r\u0103ng c\u01b0a c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ebfn Th\u00e1p Ch\u00e0m \u2013 \u0110\u00e0 L\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u00f4ng Ph\u1ea1m Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng (Tr\u01b0\u1edfng ban ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Th\u00e1p Ch\u00e0m \u2013 \u0110\u00e0 L\u1ea1t l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd) \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng v\u0103n ho\u1ea3 t\u1ed1c xin \u201cch\u1ec9 th\u00e1o d\u1ee1 t\u1ed1i \u0111a 70% t\u00e0 v\u1eb9t xen k\u1ebd, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i 30% t\u00e0 v\u1eb9t s\u1eaft nh\u1eb1m gi\u1eef c\u00e1c thanh ray c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t, tr\u00e1nh cho ray kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb g\u1ee1 \u0111i. L\u00fd do l\u00e0 ray r\u0103ng c\u01b0a c\u00f3 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ee7ng, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Th\u1ed1ng Nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u01b0ng \u201cl\u1eddi n\u0103n n\u1ec9 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng\u201d c\u1ee7a L\u00e2m \u0110\u1ed3ng c\u0169ng b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray v\u00e0 t\u00e0 v\u1eb9t s\u1eaft b\u00e1m ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng r\u0103ng c\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u1ea1y l\u00ean, ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c v\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u00e8o c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ti\u1ebfc cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e1y qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm b\u1ecb hoen r\u1ec9, n\u0103m 1990 c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia Thu\u1ef5 S\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn mua l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 thanh l\u00fd s\u1eaft v\u1ee5n: 650 000 USD cho 8 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e1y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ng\u00e0y nay, ai mu\u1ed1n xem l\u1ea1i m\u1eb7t m\u0169i 8 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e1y tuy\u1ebfn Th\u00e1p Ch\u00e0m \u2013 \u0110\u00e0 L\u1ea1t (4 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e1y lo\u1ea1i HG 4\/4 v\u00e0 4 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e1y lo\u1ea1i HG 3\/4) h\u00e3y t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i t\u00e0u tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Furka Steam Railway (DFB-Dampfbahn-Bergstrecke AG). Ch\u00fang \u0111ang mang l\u1ea1i cho Thu\u1ef5 S\u0129 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb di s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u1ec3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Th\u00e1p Ch\u00e0m \u2013 \u0110\u00e0 L\u1ea1t \u1edf m\u1ee9c du l\u1ecbch qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng 2,4 t\u1ef7 USD (bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray kho\u1ea3ng 800 tri\u1ec7u USD, 500 tri\u1ec7u USD cho 64 c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 5 h\u1ea7m xuy\u00ean n\u00fai, 250 tri\u1ec7u USD cho 10 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e1y v\u00e0 30 toa t\u00e0u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, 150 tri\u1ec7u USD cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u, 100 tri\u1ec7u USD cho 16 nh\u00e0 ga, 400 tri\u1ec7u USD cho gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng). D\u1ef1 to\u00e1n 28 980 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng (kho\u1ea3ng 1,2 t\u1ef7 USD) ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i khai th\u00e1c\u201d v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e1y Diesel kho\u00e1c v\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u0169 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1edbi theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng 20 tri\u1ec7u USD\/chi\u1ebfc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u1eb1m \u1edf con s\u1ed1 v\u00e0i t\u1ef7 USD kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t c\u1ecdng d\u1ed3n t\u00edch lu\u1ef9 nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1976 \u0111\u1ebfn nay, do b\u1ecf hoang tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i. Con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ea1i sao L\u00e2m \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 xin cung c\u1ea5p to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 230 000 thanh t\u00e0 v\u1eb9t m\u00e0 v\u1eabn b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i?<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ea1i sao L\u00e2m \u0110\u1ed3ng xin gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i 30% t\u00e0 v\u1eb9t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c?<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ti\u1ebfng v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 th\u1eadt \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ti\u1ebfng v\u1ecdng \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tuy\u1ebfn t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n B\u1edd H\u1ed3 \u2013 Thu\u1ef5 Kh\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o khai th\u00e1c n\u0103m 1900. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1929 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t 5 tuy\u1ebfn xuy\u00ean t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 ga trung t\u00e2m B\u1edd H\u1ed3 v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i 30,4 km. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 g\u1ea7n c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, \u0111\u01b0a l\u1ea1i cho h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n. Nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfc thay \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ee9c t\u1eed v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1991 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho \u00f4 t\u00f4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 \u201cLogic v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 quy ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, khi ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf 5 tuy\u1ebfn t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, hay \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00ean \u2018\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Downs \u2013 Thomson\u2019 trong quy ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2018\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Downs \u2013 Thomson\u2019 trong quy ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb [1,2] ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cV\u1eadn t\u1ed1c di chuy\u1ec3n trung b\u00ecnh \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c di chuy\u1ec3n trung b\u00ecnh t\u00ednh t\u1eeb c\u1eeda \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00dd ngh\u0129 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m \u1edf ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd \u2013 vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (\u00f4 t\u00f4), kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, tr\u1eeb khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m cho nhanh h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cho n\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a logic v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i: th\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00eam ngh\u1ebdn \u2013 kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 t\u0103ng l\u00ean bao nhi\u00eau s\u1ebd k\u00edch th\u00edch l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xe c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u0103ng l\u00ean b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ch, \u00f4 t\u00f4 chi\u1ebfm di\u1ec7n t\u00edch m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea5p h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c l\u1ea7n t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n. M\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 200 -300 h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1edf s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00f4 t\u00f4 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd k\u00e9o d\u00e0i c\u1ea3 km.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2018\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Downs \u2013 Thomson\u2019 trong quy ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 ra, c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 t\u00f4 tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 n\u00e2ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00e9o theo t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00f4 t\u00f4 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u0103m n\u0103m c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec3n c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb. L\u00e0 b\u00f3p ch\u1ebft giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. L\u00e0 ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb. T\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. M\u1ea5t t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i m\u1ea5t \u0111i m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p giao th\u00f4ng xanh, s\u1ea1ch ngay trong l\u00f2ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong khi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, th\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c, Th\u1ee5y S\u0129, H\u00e0 Lan) l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, xem t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u201cv\u0169 kh\u00ed t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ngay c\u1ea3 Ph\u00e1p t\u1eebng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa. V\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950-1970, Ph\u00e1p t\u1eebng ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho \u00f4 t\u00f4. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980, h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn ra sai l\u1ea7m kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp n\u00e0y. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Nantes (1985), Strasbourg (1994) v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Paris, Bordeaux \u0111\u00e3 chi h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 Euro \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ea1i sao Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1eabn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n? L\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec ph\u00ed r\u1ebb h\u01a1n t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n ng\u1ea7m (Metro). X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ebb h\u01a1n g\u1ea5p 5 \u2013 10 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0o h\u1ea7m l\u00e0m Metro, nh\u01b0ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n cao g\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n xe bu\u00fdt th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i tr\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n \u01b0u ti\u00ean cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea1ch, kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ea3m c\u1ecf, \u01b0u ti\u00ean tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ea9y \u00f4 t\u00f4 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ra kh\u1ecfi trung t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1eeb \u2018logic t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i\u2019 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua \u2018\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Downs \u2013 Thomsom\u2019, \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 quy ho\u1ea1ch giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d b\u1edfi \u201cnguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0ng\u201d:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cTh\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Th\u1eadt ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, \u2018logic t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i\u2019 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u01b0 B\u1ea3n \u2013 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u01b0 h\u1eefu, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn d\u1eaft b\u1edfi \u201cm\u1ee5c ti\u00eau X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i Ch\u1ee7 Ngh\u0129a\u201d!<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990 JICA (C\u01a1 quan H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n) \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng qu\u1ed1c gia. Trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1998-2000 JICA \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan tr\u1ecdng VITRANSS (Vietnam Transport Development Strategy Study) \u2013 Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u1edbi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i JICA \u0111\u00e3 tham gia nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft v\u00e0 giao th\u00f4ng H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2005\u20132020. \u0110o\u00e0n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u JICA \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u qu\u00fd b\u00e1u, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o chi ti\u1ebft d\u00e0y 104 trang v\u1ec1 \u2018QUY HO\u1ea0CH CHI TI\u1ebeT PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N GA H\u00c0 N\u1ed8I\u2019 [3].<\/p>\n\n\n\n Theo \u0110o\u00e0n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u JICA \u201cT\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn cho khu v\u1ef1c ga H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m trung chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n sung t\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean h\u00e0i h\u00f2a.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cKhu v\u1ef1c ga H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i s\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u1eeda ng\u00f5 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, kinh doanh, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 ti\u1ec7n nghi\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cGa s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u00fat chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c trong m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft. Ba (03) lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft l\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb (UMRT), \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Qu\u1ed1c Gia v\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Qu\u1ed1c T\u1ebf s\u1ebd ch\u1ea1y qua ga, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ga trung chuy\u1ec3n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cT\u00e0u UMRT, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Qu\u1ed1c Gia v\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Qu\u1ed1c T\u1ebf s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb ga H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. N\u00ean ga s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m \u0111a ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 (i) c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh trung chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn, (ii) c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i chia s\u1ebb th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean l\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 (iii) d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ga v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cM\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 quy ho\u1ea1ch giao th\u00f4ng H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, quy ho\u1ea1ch khu v\u1ef1c Ga H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh TOD quanh ga trung t\u00e2m. Ga H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ga ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t. Nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong Khu Ph\u1ed1 Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kinh doanh m\u1edbi \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a ga. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i l\u00e0m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i mua s\u1eafm v\u00e0 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n sau gi\u1edd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i tu\u1ea7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1edbi ga \u0111\u1ec3 mua s\u1eafm t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i trong c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong quy ho\u1ea1ch chi ti\u1ebft khu v\u1ef1c ga H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Qu\u1ed1c Gia v\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Qu\u1ed1c T\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111i t\u1ea1i ga H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m chuy\u00ean gia Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft, quy ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u qua nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng kinh ph\u00ed nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt qua nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, l\u00ean t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u USD v\u1ed1n ODA v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c chuy\u00ean gia gi\u00e0u kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n sau c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1edbi kinh ph\u00ed t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7u USD, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111eo \u0111u\u1ed5i, t\u1ea1i sao b\u1ed7ng d\u01b0ng b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft?<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 hu\u1ef7 b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t n\u00e0y?<\/p>\n\n\n\n H\u1ecd l\u00e0 ai, kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ea1i sao h\u1ecd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf?<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean gia Nh\u1eadt, \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft li\u00ean v\u1eadn Qu\u1ed1c T\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn ga H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, l\u1ea5y ga Ng\u1ecdc H\u1ed3i l\u00e0m ga trung t\u00e2m thay cho ga H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sa l\u1ea7m s\u01a1 \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 quy ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 to l\u1edbn qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 giao th\u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c, tao n\u00ean s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u00f3, l\u00e0m l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung ra quy m\u00f4 t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n H\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n b\u00e1n k\u00ednh 13 km, l\u1ea5y ga H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u00e0m t\u00e2m, \u0111i qua ga Ng\u1ecdc H\u1ed3i, c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 530,9 km2. H\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 6 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c tr\u00fa. \u0110\u1eb7t ga Ng\u1ecdc H\u1ed3i l\u00e0m ga \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i trung t\u00e2m, l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u00f9ng ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 c\u1ee7a Ng\u1ecdc H\u1ed3i. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 3 h\u01b0\u1edbng B\u1eafc, T\u00e2y, \u0110\u00f4ng v\u1edbi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3ng 10 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 c\u1ee7a Ng\u1ecdc H\u1ed3i. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 6 tri\u1ec7u v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai l\u00e0 10 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn ga \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Ng\u1ecdc H\u1ed3i \u0111i v\u00e0o ph\u00eda Nam ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 th\u00eam 13 km so v\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ga H\u00e0ng C\u1ecf. \u0110\u00e2y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng to l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1. Ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 n\u1eefa l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n 20 t\u1ec9nh ph\u00eda Nam khi \u0111\u1ebfn H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1eeb Ninh B\u00ecnh tr\u1edf v\u00e0o Nam g\u1ed3m 20 t\u1ec9nh th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 (2026) kho\u1ea3ng 79 tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n. N\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u0103ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 trung b\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng 0,85%\/n\u0103m, th\u00ec d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 s\u1ebd t\u0103ng l\u00ean kho\u1ea3ng 86 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m 2035, 111 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m 2065, v\u00e0 150 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m 2100. S\u1ed1 d\u00e2n n\u00e0y quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch t\u1eeb 20 t\u1ec9nh th\u00e0nh ph\u00eda Nam \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Theo d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ch t\u00e0u cao t\u1ed1c qua ga Ng\u1ecdc H\u1ed3i (\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh 35% t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ch to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c) n\u0103m 2035 l\u00e0 24.5 tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00e1ch\/n\u0103m, n\u0103m 2050 l\u00e0 42 tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00e1ch\/n\u0103m, n\u0103m 2065 l\u00e0 56 tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00e1ch\/n\u0103m v\u00e0 n\u0103m 2100 l\u00e0 77 tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00e1ch\/n\u0103m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u00ec t\u00e0u ph\u1ea3i d\u1eebng t\u1ea1i ga Ng\u1ecdc H\u1ed3i c\u00e1ch ga H\u00e0ng C\u1ecf 13 km, r\u1ed3i chuy\u1ec3n sang Metro, t\u1ed5ng th\u1eddi gian tr\u1ec5 bao g\u1ed3m 4 b\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2013 Tho\u00e1t ga cao t\u1ed1c di chuy\u1ec3n sang Metro (9-11 ph\u00fat). H\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i mang theo h\u00e0nh l\u00fd, ph\u1ea3i di chuy\u1ec3n qua s\u1ea3nh, l\u00ean thanh cu\u1ed1n\/thang b\u1ed9, c\u00f9ng l\u00fac h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed1n th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2013 Th\u1eddi gian ch\u1edd t\u00e0u Metro (5-7 ph\u00fat)<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2013 T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1eef h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Metro n\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f4 cho \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng 13 km (16-18 ph\u00fat)<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2013 Th\u1eddi gian x\u1ebfp d\u1ee1 v\u00e0 l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed (3-5 ph\u00fat)<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ed5ng th\u1eddi gian ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 37 ph\u00fat (10 + 6 +17+ 4), kho\u1ea3ng 0,62 gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ed4NG T\u1ed4N TH\u1ea4T TH\u1edcI GIAN C\u1ee6A H\u00c0NH KH\u00c1CH T\u00c0U CAO T\u1ed0C GIAI \u0110O\u1ea0N 2035-2100<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng th\u1eddi gian trong m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ch t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p chu\u1ea9n quy ho\u1ea1ch giao th\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c n\u1ed9i suy trung b\u00ecnh tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh<\/p>\n\n\n\n T(1,N) = (A(1) + A(N))\/2 x N x t<\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong \u0111\u00f3<\/p>\n\n\n\n A(1) \u2013 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ch t\u1ea1i n\u0103m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n (tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00e1ch \/n\u0103m)<\/p>\n\n\n\n A(N) \u2013 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ch t\u1ea1i n\u0103m k\u1ebft th\u00fac giai \u0111o\u1ea1n (tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00e1ch \/n\u0103m)<\/p>\n\n\n\n N- s\u1ed1 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/p>\n\n\n\n t \u2013 t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t cho m\u1ed7i l\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00e1ch \u0111i, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nay t=0,62 gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T(1,N) \u2013 t\u1ed5ng t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c tr\u00ean, nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2035-2065(30 n\u0103m): 748,65 tri\u1ec7u gi\u1edd<\/p>\n\n\n\n (24.5 tri\u1ec7u + 56 tri\u1ec7u)\/2 x 30 x 0,62 gi\u1edd = 748,65 tri\u1ec7u gi\u1edd<\/p>\n\n\n\n Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2065-2100 (35 n\u0103m): 1 443,05 tri\u1ec7u gi\u1edd<\/p>\n\n\n\n (56 tri\u1ec7u + 77 tri\u1ec7u)\/2 x 35 x 0,62 gi\u1edd = 1 443,05 tri\u1ec7u gi\u1edd<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ed5ng t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2035-2100 (65 n\u0103m) l\u00e0 2 191 700 000 gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ed4N TH\u1ea4T V\u1ec0 T\u00c0I CH\u00cdNH<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2035-2065, gi\u00e1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ea5y m\u1ee9c 6 USD\/gi\u1edd, l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ti\u1ec7m c\u1eadn nh\u00f3m thu nh\u1eadp cao. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ed5ng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh: 748,65 tri\u1ec7u gi\u1edd x 6 USD = 4 491 900 000 USD<\/p>\n\n\n\n Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2065-2100, do m\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ec7m c\u1eadn nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, n\u00ean gi\u00e1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trung b\u00ecnh \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh 14 USD\/gi\u1edd. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ed5ng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh: 1 443,05 tri\u1ec7u gi\u1edd x 14 USD = 20 200 000 000 USD<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ed5ng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i t\u00e0i ch\u00ednhc\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2035 \u2013 2100 (65 n\u0103m):<\/p>\n\n\n\n 4 491 900 000 USD + 20 200 000 000 USD = 24 691 900 000 USD<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u1ec9 t\u00ednh giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2035-2100, vi\u1ec7c d\u1eddi ga H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ebfn Ng\u1ecdc H\u1ed3i s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch \u0111i t\u00e0u cao t\u1ed1c m\u1ea5t \u0111i m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh ch\u1eebng 24,691 t\u1ef7 USD.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch thu nh\u1eadp cao \u0111i t\u00e0u cao t\u1ed1c. C\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ea5p \u0111i t\u00e0u th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec sao?<\/p>\n\n\n\n Theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft B\u1eafc Kinh [4], t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u00e1ch \u0111i t\u00e0u cao t\u1ed1c l\u00e0 20% v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u00e0u th\u01b0\u1eddng\/li\u00ean t\u1ec9nh l\u00e0 80%. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ch t\u00e0u th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea5p 4 l\u1ea7n t\u00e0u cao t\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Tokyo [5], t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch \u0111i t\u00e0u th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi 85% \u2013 g\u1ea5p kho\u1ea3ng 5 l\u1ea7n t\u00e0u cao t\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n L\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e0u kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn ga Ng\u1ecdc H\u1ed3i trong d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft cao t\u1ed1c, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng l\u00e0 24.5 tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00e1ch\/n\u0103m v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2035, 56 tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00e1ch\/n\u0103m v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2035, v\u00e0 77 tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00e1ch\/n\u0103m v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2100.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1eeb th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n B\u1eafc Kinh v\u00e0 Tokyo, suy ra l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ch t\u00e0u th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf ga Ng\u1ecdc H\u1ed3i c\u0169ng g\u1ea5p kho\u1ea3ng 4 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ch t\u00e0u cao t\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n N\u0103m 2035: 98 tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00e1ch \/n\u0103m; N\u0103m 2065: 224 tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00e1ch \/n\u0103m; N\u0103m 2100: 308 tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00e1ch \/n\u0103m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2035-2065(30 n\u0103m):<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2013 T\u1ed5ng h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch t\u00edch lu\u1ef9: 4 830 tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00e1ch,<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2013 T\u1ed5ng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i th\u1eddi gian: 2 994,6 tri\u1ec7u gi\u1edd<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2013 T\u1ed5ng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh (nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi 6 USD\/gi\u1edd): 17 967 600 000 USD (l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n 18 t\u1ef7 USD)<\/p>\n\n\n\n Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2065-2100 (35 n\u0103m):<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2013 T\u1ed5ng h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch t\u00edch lu\u1ef9: 9 310 tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00e1ch,<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2013 T\u1ed5ng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i th\u1eddi gian: 5 772,2 tri\u1ec7u gi\u1edd<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2013 T\u1ed5ng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh (nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi 14 USD\/gi\u1edd): 80 810 800 000 USD (l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n 80,8 t\u1ef7 USD)<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ed5ng t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2035-2100 (65 n\u0103m):<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2013 T\u1ed5ng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i th\u1eddi gian: 8 776,8 tri\u1ec7u gi\u1edd<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2013 T\u1ed5ng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh: 98 778 400 000 USD (l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n 98,8 t\u1ef7 USD)<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n tr\u00ean, nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u sau \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2013 T\u1ed5ng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i th\u1eddi gian: 2 191 700 000 gi\u1edd + 8 776 800 000 gi\u1edd =10 968 500 000 gi\u1edd<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2013 T\u1ed5ng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh: 24 691 900 000 USD+98 778 400 000 USD= 123 470 300 000 USD (l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n 124 t\u1ef7 USD)<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u1ec9 t\u00ednh ri\u00eang cho giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2035-2100, vi\u1ec7c d\u1eddi ga \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 ga Ng\u1ecdc H\u1ed3i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn cho h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u01b0\u1edbc kho\u1ea3ng 124 t\u1ef7 USD. Con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u1edbn g\u1ea5p kho\u1ea3ng 2 l\u1ea7n kinh ph\u00ed x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0110SCTBN.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ngo\u00e0i t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i cho nh\u00f3m h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch tr\u1ebb em, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0, b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt, vi\u1ec7c d\u1eddi ga \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft t\u1eeb trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ra ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 g\u00e2y h\u1ec7 lu\u1ef5 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho \u0110\u1ed8NG L\u1ef0C H\u1eccC \u0110\u00d4 TH\u1eca. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y b\u1ebb g\u00e3y c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng gian, l\u00e0m suy gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00f9ng l\u00f5i, t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00e0nh du l\u1ecbch v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 ga trung chuy\u1ec3n, suy gi\u1ea3m t\u00ednh c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean gia Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft tr\u00ean cao, t\u1eeb ga Gi\u00e1p B\u00e1t \u2013 \u0110\u1ebfn ga H\u00e0ng C\u1ecf (kho\u1ea3ng 5,1 km), r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd b\u0103m n\u00e1t H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u201ccon thu\u1ed3ng lu\u1ed3ng C\u00e1t Linh \u2013 H\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng\u201d, hay \u201cNh\u1ed5n \u2013 Th\u1ee7 L\u1ec7\u201d, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea7u c\u1ea1n v\u00e0nh \u0111ai 2, v\u00e0nh \u0111ai 3, c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea7u c\u1ea1n n\u1eefa s\u1ebd c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. C\u1ea7u c\u1ea1n l\u00e0 h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft B\u1eafc Nam \u0111o\u1ea1n Ng\u1ecdc H\u1ed3i \u2013 H\u00e0ng C\u1ecf \u0111ang c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf. Vingroup ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb di d\u1eddi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft qu\u1ed1c gia hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu t\u1eeb Ng\u1ecdc H\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn ga H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng tri\u1ec3n khai d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9 1A ph\u00eda Nam th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4. T\u1eeb Ng\u1ecdc H\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00fat giao Kim Li\u00ean s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn 90 m, quy m\u00f4 16 l\u00e0n xe (10 l\u00e0n ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 6 l\u00e0n gom song h\u00e0nh).<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Downs \u2013 Thomson.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m l\u00e0 t\u1eeb tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng 6 \u2013 8 m, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam 8 m n\u1eefa. N\u00e2ng t\u1ed5ng b\u1ec1 r\u1ed9ng l\u00ean kho\u1ea3ng 14 \u2013 16 m, \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed t\u00e0u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f4i kh\u1ed5 1 435 mm. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nhi\u1ec1u tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111\u00f4i \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111i qua \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n, nh\u1edd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1eafn v\u00e0 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt g\u1ecdn. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c giao c\u1eaft, nh\u00e0 ga v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m an to\u00e0n v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110o\u1ea1n Ng\u1ecdc H\u1ed3i \u2013 n\u00fat giao Kim Li\u00ean \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi 90 m cho 16 l\u00e0n xe \u00f4 t\u00f4. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n l\u1ea5y 14 m trong 90 m n\u00e0y d\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft l\u00e0 b\u00e0i to\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 t\u00f4 c\u00f2n 76 m\u00e9t, \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 quy hoach cho 12 l\u00e0n xe (c\u1eaft b\u1edbt 2 l\u00e0n xe tr\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh, t\u1eeb 10 l\u00e0n c\u00f2n 8 l\u00e0n: 2 x 3,75 m = 7,5 m; c\u1eaft b\u1edbt 2 l\u00e0n xe tuy\u1ebfn gom, t\u1eeb 6 l\u00e0n c\u00f2n 4 l\u00e0n: 2 x 3,25 m = 6,6 m; t\u1ed5ng 7,5 m + 6,5 m = 14 m).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam 8 m\u00e9t \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00fat giao Kim Li\u00ean \u2013 Ga H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 1,5 km. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng th\u00eam kho\u1ea3ng 8 m\u00e9t m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 b\u00e0i to\u00e1n v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u00f3 v\u00ec ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9. Nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n nay t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf kh\u00e1c. H\u00e3y nh\u00ecn th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0nh \u0111ai 1 v\u00e0 v\u00e0nh \u0111ai 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i trong 90 m\u00e9t chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0\u1eddng 14 m\u00e9t cho \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft -ho\u1eb7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, ho\u1eb7c tr\u00ean c\u1ea7u c\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a World Bank [6], kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh chi ph\u00ed gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng, su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c cho t\u00e0u cao t\u1ed1c 350 km\/h tr\u00ean c\u1ea7u c\u1ea1n dao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong kho\u1ea3ng 14-21 tri\u1ec7u USD\/km.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110o\u1ea1n Gi\u00e1p B\u00e1t \u2013 H\u00e0ng c\u1ecf d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 5,1 km. V\u1edbi su\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e2\u00f9 t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, c\u1ea7n 107,1 tri\u1ec7u USD.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00fat giao Kim Li\u00ean ga H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i d\u00e0i 1,5 km, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam 8 m\u00e9t, t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng 12 000 m2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u01a1n gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 d\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng L\u00ea Du\u1ea9n giao \u0111\u1ed9ng theo 4 khung v\u1ecb tr\u00ed 4,3,2,1 t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 98 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng, 112 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng, 150 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng, 310 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng\/m2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n N\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u1edf m\u1ee9c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed 2 l\u00e0 150 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng\/m2 (5 660 USD\/m2) th\u00ec t\u1ed5ng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 1800 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 68 tri\u1ec7u USD (t\u1ef7 gi\u00e1 1 USD = 26 500 \u0111\u1ed3ng).<\/p>\n\n\n\n N\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed 1 l\u00e0 310 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng\/m2 (11 698 USD\/m2) cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9, th\u00ec t\u1ed5ng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 l\u00e0 3 720 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 140,38 tri\u1ec7u USD.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u1ea7n d\u00e0nh th\u00eam 15% c\u1ee7a chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 chi cho b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 an sinh v\u00e0 t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0. Con s\u1ed1 15% l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb con s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n 12- 15% c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c thi. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed cho gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 78,11 tri\u1ec7u USD ho\u1eb7c 161,44 tri\u1ec7u USD tu\u1ef3 theo 2 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u00eam th\u00f4ng tin tham chi\u1ebfu, \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e0nh \u0111ai 1 (Ho\u00e0ng C\u1ea7u \u2013 Voi Ph\u1ee5c) gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u0103m 2024-2025 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 trung b\u00ecnh 39,12 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng\/m2, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 1 540 USD\/m2 (t\u1ef7 gi\u00e1 25 400 \u0111\u1ed3ng = 1 USD).<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110o\u1ea1n Ng\u1ecdc H\u1ed3i \u2013 n\u00fat giao Kim Li\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng r\u1ed9ng l\u00ean 90 m\u00e9t. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu t\u00ednh ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111o\u1ea1n Gi\u00e1p B\u00e1t \u2013 n\u00fat giao Kim Ki\u00ean d\u00e0i 3,6 km th\u00ec c\u00f3 con s\u1ed1 sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng 28 800 m2. Gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 m\u1ee9c 5 660 USD (150 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng\/ m2), t\u1ed5ng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 l\u00e0 187 459 200 USD. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 11 698 USD\/m2 (310 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng\/m2) s\u1ebd cho t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 v\u00e0 t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 l\u00e0 387 437 760 USD.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ed5ng ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam 8 m\u00e9t cho to\u00e0n tuy\u1ebfn Gi\u00e1p B\u00e1t \u2013 ga H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i d\u00e0i 5,1 km s\u1ebd l\u00e0 265 567 200 USD (m\u1ee9c 150 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng\/m2) v\u00e0 548 870 160 USD (m\u1ee9c 310 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng\/m2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u00e0u cao t\u1ed1c 350 km\/h c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00ec \u0111o\u1ea1n Gi\u00e1p B\u00e1t \u2013 ga H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n kho\u1ea3n chi ph\u00ed kho\u1ea3ng 107,1 tri\u1ec7u USD. T\u00ednh c\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng, d\u00f9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n n\u00e0o, 150 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng \/m2, hay 310 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng\/m2, \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 700 tri\u1ec7u USD.<\/p>\n\n\n\n R\u00fat ng\u1eafn th\u1eddi gian t\u1eebng ph\u00fat l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0110SBN t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 300 km\/h so v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 200 km\/h, cho d\u00f9 ph\u1ea3i hy sinh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u1edf h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, t\u00e0u 300 km\/h r\u00fat ng\u1eafn th\u1eddi gian H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u2013 Vinh xu\u1ed1ng 1 gi\u1edd, ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m 30 ph\u00fat so v\u1edbi 1h 30 ph\u00fat c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 200 km\/h.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i qu\u00ean \u0111i, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng nghe, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y, r\u1eb1ng t\u00e0u d\u1eebng ga \u1edf Ng\u1ecdc H\u1ed3i, \u0111i v\u00e0o trung t\u00e2m c\u00e1ch xa th\u00eam 13 km, v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 Metro, th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n th\u00eam kho\u1ea3ng 37 ph\u00fat n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn Berlin, London, Madrid, Rome, Zurich, Amsterdam, Vienna, Budapest, Prague, Tokyo, New Delhi\u2026 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111i th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o ga trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n S\u00e1u ga \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Paris ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1ch km s\u1ed1 0 tr\u00ean qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0110\u1ee9c B\u00e0 t\u1eeb 1,8 \u2013 4 km. B\u1ea3y nh\u00e0 ga \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Matxcova \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng v\u00f2ng xuy\u1ebfn Metro s\u1ed1 5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n Kremlin ch\u1ec9 trong kho\u1ea3ng 3 \u2013 5 km.<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u00f9ng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Kinh trong v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n b\u00e1n k\u00ednh 20 km ch\u1ee9a kho\u1ea3ng 11 tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n. C\u00f3 ga \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft trung t\u00e2m B\u1eafc Kinh c\u00e1ch qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Thi\u00ean An M\u00f4n 2,5 km cho t\u00e0u cao t\u1ed1c, t\u00e0u li\u00ean t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 li\u00ean v\u1eadn qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111i. C\u00e1c ga \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i l\u1edbn c\u00e1ch km 0 t\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Thi\u00ean An M\u00f4n nh\u01b0 B\u1eafc Kinh Nam l\u00e0 5,8 km, B\u1eafc Kinh T\u00e2y l\u00e0 6,8 km, B\u1eafc Kinh B\u1eafc l\u00e0 7,2 km, B\u1eafc Kinh \u0110\u00f4ng l\u00e0 7,5 km.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ea1i sao th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ga \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u1edf H\u00e0ng C\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 Ng\u1ecdc H\u1ed3i c\u00e1ch km 0 t\u1ea1i b\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n B\u1edd H\u1ed3 nh\u1eefng 14 km?<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ea1i sao c\u1ee9 ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng?<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn Metro n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c khu \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn r\u00f5. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i \u00fd th\u1ee9c xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t r\u1eb1ng trung t\u00e2m c\u00e1c khu \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m khu v\u1ef1c; ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Tokyo, B\u1eafc Kinh hay nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 kh\u00e1c, d\u00f9 c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 s\u1ea7m u\u1ea5t tr\u00e1ng l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, cu\u1ed1i tu\u1ea7n, ng\u00e0y ngh\u1ec9 ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5, d\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 trung t\u00e2m H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i: v\u1ec1 h\u1ed3 Ho\u00e0n Ki\u1ebfm, v\u1ec1 Ba \u0110\u00ecnh, v\u1ec1 H\u1ed3 T\u00e2y. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3. T\u00e0u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft ph\u1ea3i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ga H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. Ng\u1ecdc H\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. D\u00f9 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u00e2n v\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9ng H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cl\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d. Chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m n\u00ean th\u1ea7y tu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng quy ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D\u1eddi ga \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft H\u00e0 N\u00f4i xa th\u00eam 13 km ra ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e0u kh\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia, li\u00ean t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 li\u00ean v\u1eadn qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0o trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. N\u1ebfu th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t kinh t\u1ebf \u2013 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m t\u1ef7 USD trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ea1o th\u00eam v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 phi\u1ec1n ph\u1ee9c cho h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. Th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0o l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u00e0i to\u00e1n d\u1eddi ga \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft trung t\u00e2m H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i t\u1eeb H\u00e0ng C\u1ecf ra Ng\u1ecdc H\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u00e0i to\u00e1n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u00e0i to\u00e1n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ti\u1ebfng v\u1ecdng \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u00f9ng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh t\u1ec9nh th\u1ed1ng thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00f4m nay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n L\u01b0u l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi ca ng\u1ee3i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec1n, m\u00e0 v\u00ec d\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nguy\u1ec5n Ng\u1ecdc Chu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n [1], Anthony Downs (1962): \u201cThe Law of Peak-Hour Expressway Congestion\u201d (\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c v\u00e0o gi\u1edd cao \u0111i\u1ec3m), xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed kinh t\u1ebf Traffic Quarterly, n\u0103m 1962.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n [2] John Michael Thomson (1977): Ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a to\u00e1n v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd h\u1ecdc trong: \u201cGreat Cities and Their Traffic\u201d (C\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u1edbn v\u00e0 giao th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang), Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Peregrinus, n\u0103m 1977.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n [3] Qui ho\u1ea1ch chi ti\u1ebft ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ga H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n [4] High-speed rail in China<\/a>, wikipedia<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n [5] Japan By Numbers \u2013 The Busiest Stations in Japan<\/a>, Japan Up Close<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Ga-Ha-Noi-11.jpg\")
<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\n
1. TI\u1ebeNG V\u1eccNG TH\u1ed0NG THI\u1ebeT C\u1ee6A QU\u00c1 KH\u1ee8<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
2. \u0110\u1ecaNH LU\u1eacT DOWNS-THOMSON<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
3. QUY HO\u1ea0CH CHI TI\u1ebeT PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N GA H\u00c0 N\u1ed8I\u2019 C\u1ee6A JICA \u1ede \u0110\u00c2U R\u1ed2I?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
4. T\u1ed0N K\u00c9M R\u1ec8 M\u00c1U TH\u1ebe K\u1ef6<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
4.1. T\u1ed4N TH\u1ea4T TH\u1edcI GIAN V\u00c0 T\u00c0I CH\u00cdNH C\u1ee6A KH\u00c1CH \u0110I T\u00c0U CAO T\u1ed0C<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
4.2. T\u1ed4N TH\u1ea4T TH\u1edcI GIAN V\u00c0 T\u00c0I CH\u00cdNH C\u1ee6A KH\u00c1CH \u0110I T\u00c0U TH\u01af\u1edcNG<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
4.3. T\u1ed4NG THI\u1ec6T H\u1ea0I V\u1ec0 TH\u1edcI GIAN V\u00c0 T\u00c0I CH\u00cdNH GIAI \u0110O\u1ea0N 2035-2100<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
5. T\u1ed0N BAO NHI\u00caU \u0110\u1ec2 X\u00c2Y \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG S\u1eaeT HAI CHI\u1ec0U GI\u00c1P B\u00c1T \u2013 H\u00c0 N\u1ed8I KH\u1ed4 1 435 mm?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
GI\u00c1 TH\u00c0NH X\u00c2Y D\u1ef0NG \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG TR\u00caN CAO<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
CHI PH\u00cd \u0110\u1ec0N B\u00d9 GI\u1ea2I PH\u00d3NG M\u1eb6T B\u1eb0NG<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
6. T\u1ea0I SAO C\u1ee8 PH\u1ea2I M\u1ed8T M\u00ccNH M\u1ed8T \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
7. B\u00c0I TO\u00c1N C\u1ee6A TO\u00c0N QU\u1ed0C<\/h2>\n\n\n\n