{"id":9773,"date":"2025-10-17T10:00:58","date_gmt":"2025-10-17T03:00:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/?p=9773"},"modified":"2025-10-17T10:14:39","modified_gmt":"2025-10-17T03:14:39","slug":"phan-mot-nien-giam-cua-nguoi-cong-dan-vi-dai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/?p=9773","title":{"rendered":"Ph\u1ea7n 1: NI\u00caN GI\u00c1M C\u1ee6A \u201cNG\u01af\u1edcI C\u00d4NG D\u00c2N V\u0128 \u0110\u1ea0I\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i,15.10.2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Th\u01b0a c\u00e1c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u1eefng tranh c\u00e3i trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam su\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3, nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh (NVV), ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed3 r\u1eb1ng, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u do s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft thi\u1ebfu t\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 che \u0111\u1eady c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p su\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 h\u1eadu th\u1ebf hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o chi\u1ebfc c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng \u2013 T\u00e2y \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, n\u0103m 2011 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb t\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u01b0\u1edbc CHXHCN Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ea5n Sang, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Nguy\u1ec5n Sinh H\u00f9ng, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Ph\u00e1p Nicolas Sarkozy, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 V\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean H\u1ee3p Qu\u1ed1c UNESCO Irina Bokova, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0i Abdou Diouf T\u1ed5ng th\u01b0 k\u00fd T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Ph\u00e1p ng\u1eef FRANCOPHONIE, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb d\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m, xem x\u00e9t to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng hai c\u1ee7a T\u00e2n Nam T\u1eed NVV.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1c h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 v\u00e0 h\u1eadu th\u1ebf b\u1edbt b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh b\u1edfi t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u00f4ng \u2013 t\u1ed9i, t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c logic v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u00f3a gi\u1eefa hai d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Trong b\u1ea3n ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb, t\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng, mong mu\u1ed1n T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c UNESCO v\u00e0 FRANCOPHONIE, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a hai Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t \u2013 Ph\u00e1p, ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y trong n\u0103m l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a NVV trong phong tr\u00e0o C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean to\u00e0n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ng\u00e0y 12\/11\/2011, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 V\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u01b0\u1edbc CHXHCN VN b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n th\u01b0 s\u1ed1 3845\/BVHTTDL, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a U\u1ef7 Ban V\u0103n h\u00f3a Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Thanh Thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean Nhi \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i VN, ghi nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n s\u1ebd ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng xem x\u00e9t n\u1ed9i dung ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb, v\u00e0 mong c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c t\u1eeb ph\u00eda c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u00f4i khi c\u1ea7n\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi th\u01b0a t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi t\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n ng\u00e0y 9\/10\/2025 v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>V\u00ec sao h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u00f4n vinh?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>H\u00f4m nay, t\u00f4i xin c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ni\u00ean gi\u00e1m, th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a NVV. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eaft l\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng qua c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 t\u00f4i s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y mang t\u00ednh l\u1ebb t\u1ebb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i hi v\u1ecdng v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ni\u00ean gi\u00e1m n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd nh\u00ecn r\u00f5 h\u01a1n b\u1ee9c tranh to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi phong t\u1eb7ng danh hi\u1ec7u \u00edt th\u1ea5y trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0: <strong>NG\u01af\u1edcI C\u00d4NG D\u00c2N V\u0128 \u0110\u1ea0I<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng! Nguy\u1ec5n L\u00e2n B\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>NI\u00caN GI\u00c1M C\u1ee6A \u201cNG\u01af\u1edcI <\/strong><strong>C\u00d4NG D\u00c2N V\u0128 \u0110\u1ea0I\u201d <\/strong><strong>(<\/strong><strong>*<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh (NVV) sinh ng\u00e0y 15\/8 n\u0103m 1882 trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o \u1edf th\u00f4n Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng V\u0169, x\u00e3 Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng D\u1ef1c, ph\u1ee7 Th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00edn, T\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng (nay l\u00e0 Ph\u00fa Xuy\u00ean, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i). N\u0103m 1884, gia \u0111\u00ecnh NVV ra H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i t\u00ecm k\u1ebf sinh nhai, \u1edf nh\u1edd nh\u00e0 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng b\u00ean ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 46 ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0ng Gi\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>1890, khi 8 tu\u1ed5i, NVV \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho \u0111i k\u00e9o qu\u1ea1t thu\u00ea \u1edf m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n (phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch) c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p (sau n\u00e0y l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean ch\u1ebf trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng <em>Tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1eadu B\u1ed5 &#8211; <\/em>H\u1ecdc xong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m). C\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1n An Tr\u00ed (nay l\u00e0 \u0111\u00ecnh Y\u00ean Ph\u1ee5) nh\u00e0 s\u1ed1 16 ph\u1ed1 Ph\u00f3 \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00ednh, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Ng\u1ed3i k\u00e9o qu\u1ea1t, nh\u1edd h\u1ecdc l\u1ecfm, NVV \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f4ng gi\u00e1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 Andr\u00e9 D\u2019Argence <sup>(1)<\/sup>, do \u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u1eadu b\u00e9 k\u00e9o qu\u1ea1t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean trong l\u1edbp. Khi l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc m\u00e3n kh\u00f3a (1892), \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, A. D\u2019Argence \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ebfp c\u1eadu b\u00e9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f9ng thi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean, v\u00e0 c\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed7 th\u1ee9 12 tr\u00ean 40, n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 NVV tr\u00f2n 10 tu\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00ec NVV c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e2u, \u00f4ng gi\u00e1o A. D\u2019Argence \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean cho c\u1eadu h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n h\u1ecdc ph\u00ed. Sau 4 n\u0103m, khi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p, NVV \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed7 th\u1ee7 khoa (1896).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>N\u0103m 1897, NVV \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c c\u00e1ch g\u1eedi \u0111i l\u00e0m th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n t\u1ea1i T\u00f2a s\u1ee9 L\u00e0o Cai <sup>(2)<\/sup>, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m chuy\u00ean gia x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft L\u00e0o Cai \u2013 V\u00e2n Nam.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>N\u0103m 1898, NVV \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 T\u00f2a s\u1ee9 H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o \u2018<em>Bureau du Protectorat<\/em> &#8211; V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng B\u1ea3o h\u1ed9\u2019, \u0111\u1ea3m tr\u00e1ch vi\u1ec7c theo d\u00f5i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ra v\u00e0o c\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e0u b\u00e8 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, ki\u00eam gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch \u0111i t\u00e0u <sup>(3)<\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1898 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1900, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean NVV d\u1ecbch ra ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0: \u201cL\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p\u201d, ho\u1eb7c \u201cKh\u1ebf \u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (C\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt c\u00f4ng)\u00a0&#8211; <em>Du Contrat Social ou Principes du droit politique<\/em>\u201d c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 \u2013 1778), cu\u1ed1n\u201cTinh th\u1ea7n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt &#8211;<em> De l\u2019esprit des lois<\/em>\u201dc\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Ph\u00e1p Montesquieu (1689-1755). Tuy nhi\u00ean khi bi\u1ebft NVV d\u1ecbch c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y sang ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, Nh\u00e0 C\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n (NCQ) \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y v\u1edbi l\u00fd do: <em>Ch\u01b0a ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi d\u00e2n tr\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi An Nam!<\/em><sup> <em>(4)<\/em><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>N\u0103m 1902, NVV \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 T\u00f2a s\u1ee9 B\u1eafc Giang \u2013 B\u1eafc Ninh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>N\u0103m 1904, C\u00f4ng s\u1ee9 Ph\u00e1p B\u1eafc Giang \u2013 B\u1eafc Ninh l\u00e0 Hauser \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m \u0110\u1ed1c l\u00fd H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a NVV v\u1ec1 theo v\u00e0 giao l\u00e0m Th\u01b0 k\u00fd T\u00f2a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>N\u0103m 1905, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n b\u00fat danh l\u1ea1 mang t\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u201cT\u00c2N NAM T\u1eec\u201d <sup>(5)<\/sup>,d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p \u201c<em>Politique d\u2019Association<\/em> \u2013 Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i\u201d, \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean t\u1edd c\u00f4ng b\u00e1o n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng <em>\u201cCourrier d\u2019Haiphong\u201d<\/em>. B\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u00e0y do NNV vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 De Monpezat.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a NVV \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh b\u00fat danh \u201cT\u00e2n Nam T\u1eed\u201d n\u00e0y, theo \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a \u0111en c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef H\u00e1n \u2013 Vi\u1ec7t:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(T\u00e2n= <em>m\u1edbi<\/em>, Nam = <em>An Nam<\/em> v\u00e0 T\u1eed= <em>ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>V\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, NVV \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thai ngh\u00e9n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m b\u00e1o m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a NCQ, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 in \u201cTonkinois\u201d, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, d\u00f9 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c, NVV v\u1eabn l\u00e9n l\u00fat cho ra \u0111\u1eddi m\u1ed9t t\u1edd b\u00e1o ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u1ed3n \u00e0o trong d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>N\u0103m 1906, do c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m Nho s\u1ef9 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, NVV \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn d\u1ecbch ra ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, mang n\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh (PCT. 1872-1926), c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u201c<em>\u0110\u1ea7u Ph\u00e1p Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 th\u01b0 <\/em>&#8211; Lettre de Phan Chu Trinh au gouverneur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral en 1906\u201d g\u1eedi t\u1edbi To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng &#8211; Paul Beau (1857-1926).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><em>N\u1ed9i dung \u201c\u0110\u1ea7u Ph\u00e1p Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 th\u01b0\u201d, PCT v\u1ea1ch tr\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1i n\u00e1t c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng Tri\u1ec1u Nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, c\u00f9ng <\/em><em>nh\u1eefng b\u1ebf t\u1eafc trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i An Nam<\/em><em>, \u00f4ng<\/em><em> <\/em><em>y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9, quan t\u00e2m c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em><em> ti\u1ec1n<\/em><em> nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 Paul Doumer, trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap khai s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc An Nam tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu<sup> (6)<\/sup>. &nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u0169ng n\u0103m 1906, NVV \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ed1c l\u00fd H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u1eed tham gia Ph\u00e1i b\u1ed9 \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111i d\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba (\u0110\u1ea5u x\u1ea3o) \u1edf M\u00e1c X\u00e2y (Marseille) Ph\u00e1p. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, NVV \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec1 in v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n qua c\u00e1c gian h\u00e0ng qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o, gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 in \u1ea5n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1edd b\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap NVV c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 tham v\u1ecdng l\u00e0m b\u00e1o, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft l\u00fd t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m in ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>(Cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eabn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ba lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft m\u01b0\u1ee3n l\u00e0 H\u00e1n v\u0103n, N\u00f4m v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p v\u0103n, NVV r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o c\u1ea3 ba th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>NVV x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/em><em>,<\/em><em> n\u1ebfu<\/em><em> <\/em><em>truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/em><em> \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n<\/em><em>, s\u1ebd gi\u00fap t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u00f4ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 NVV \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t d\u00f9ng k\u00fd t\u1ef1 La tinh, th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u1ef9 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha khi sang truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o, giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng trong, nh\u01b0ng lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o An Nam.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Theo NVV, ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t d\u00f9ng k\u00fd t\u1ef1 La Tinh l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef d\u1ec5 h\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1n ph\u00ed nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 H\u00e1n v\u0103n v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p v\u0103n, v\u00e0 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 v\u00ec n\u00f3 mang \u00e2m h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp ra ng\u00e0nh in, l\u00e0m b\u00e1o, lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 NVV \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u2018m\u00f3t\u2019 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c do \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 th\u00edch th\u00fa kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 khi tham d\u1ef1 H\u1ed9i ch\u1ee3 M\u00e1c X\u00e2y (Marseille).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Khi h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac, NVV \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i th\u0103m Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Paris. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 giao du v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong &#8220;H\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n Ph\u00e1p &#8211; <em>Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Droits de l&#8217;Homme<\/em>&#8220;, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, c\u00f3 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n. NVV nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y, <em>H\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n<\/em> l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n c\u00f3, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 xin gia nh\u1eadp h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>NVV \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n do &#8220;H\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n Ph\u00e1p&#8221; quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ea1p t\u1ea1i Paris <\/em><em>1906<\/em><em>. NVV mong t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y, <\/em><em>khi <\/em><em>ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n An Nam bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c &#8220;Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n&#8221;<\/em><em> <\/em><em>c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng tin, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u00e2n sinh v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a NVV trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00f3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ed3n nhi\u00ean c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 h\u1ee9ng kh\u1edfi.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i trong vi\u1ec7c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i m\u1edbi, cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1906, NVV \u0111\u00e3 xin th\u00f4i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho T\u00f2a \u0110\u1ed1c l\u00fd H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>N\u0103m 1907, do NVV c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n s\u1ef9 c\u1ea3 C\u1ef1u h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 T\u00e2n h\u1ecdc, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng tin v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng cam k\u1ebft c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n Paul Doumer giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1897-1902 v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 n\u1edbi l\u1ecfng c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u0103n h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ec7m Paul Beau, n\u00ean NVV \u0111\u00e3 tham gia Phong tr\u00e0o \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh Ngh\u0129a Th\u1ee5c (\u0110KNT).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><em>T\u1ea1i \u0110KNT, NVV l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean d\u1ea1y ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 th\u1ec9nh gi\u1ea3ng trong m\u1ee5c ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u00e1c phong t\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, b\u00e0i tr\u1eeb m\u00ea t\u00edn d\u1ecb \u0111oan, v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c s\u1eafc trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u0169ng trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, NVV \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u, l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi Jean-Fran\u00e7ois-Henri Schneider (1851-1921) <sup>(7)<\/sup>, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c, qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch Ph\u00e1p, Ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 in \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n ra B\u1eafc k\u1ef3 t\u00ecm h\u01b0\u1edbng kinh doanh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ng\u00e0nh in v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh, hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 hai n\u1eeda \u0111ang c\u1ea7n nhau, F. H. Schneider \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eddi NVV h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1eed \u00f4ng l\u00e0m Ch\u1ee7 b\u00fat ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t t\u1edd \u201c\u0110\u0103ng C\u1ed5 T\u00f9ng B\u00e1o\u201d, l\u00e0 t\u1edd b\u00e1o <em>ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/em> \u1edf B\u1eafc k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110KNT.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m, l\u00e0 th\u1eed th\u00e1ch quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n gi\u1eefa Schneider v\u00e0 NVV, l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i su\u1ed1t g\u1ea7n hai ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo, \u0111em l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng ng\u00e0nh in v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, qua \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh <em>N\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em>. NVV \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eb7c nhi\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o, d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f2n v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t m\u1edf nh\u00e0 in v\u00e0 l\u00e0m b\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Th\u1ee9 hai: F. H. Schneider c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n, c\u00f3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, c\u00f3 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng kinh t\u1ebf k\u00fd v\u1edbi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>(F. H. Schneider <\/em><em>\u0111\u1ebfn Nam k\u1ef3 t\u1eeb 1882 v\u1edbi h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng 3 n\u0103m, nh\u01b0ng <\/em><em>\u0111\u00e3 ra h\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n do kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng ng\u00e0nh xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n mang t\u00ednh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00e0 trong Nam k\u1ef3. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c in v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c<\/em> <em>\u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n v\u00e0 ch\u1eef Ph\u00e1p s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc qu\u00e1 \u00edt, do h\u01a1n 90% ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft hai lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Th\u1ee9 ba: NVV ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c ngh\u00e8o c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 x\u00fay, thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ebfp t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu b\u1eb1ng con ch\u1eef v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o F. H. Schneider, NVV s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngh\u1ec1 in \u1ea5n m\u00e0 &#8220;nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u&#8221; bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0: NVV \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi nh\u00e3n quan ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh (PCT) sau khi d\u1ecbch to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3n ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb d\u00e0i 30 trang <strong><em>\u201c\u0110\u1ea7u Ph\u00e1p Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 th\u01b0\u201d<\/em><\/strong>, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp c\u00f9ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khai d\u00e2n tr\u00ed. NVV ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u s\u1eafc nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef (Ph\u00e1p, H\u00e1n, N\u00f4m, Anh v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef), \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u00f4ng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eafc v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a theo tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0110KNT.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 sau b\u1ea9y th\u00e1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0110KNT b\u1ecb NCQ c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c c\u1ed5 x\u00fay cho b\u1ea1o lo\u1ea1n. NCQ coi <\/em><em>vi\u1ec7c <\/em><em>khai m\u1edf d\u00e2n tr\u00ed l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i nguy, v\u00ec khi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp tay cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u00f2i t\u1ef1 do, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. NVV v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Duy T\u1ed1n (1883-1924) v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00f4n, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1ea1m giam t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y <sup>(8)<\/sup>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>N\u0103m 1908, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef m\u1ea1ch ngh\u1ec1 b\u00e1o v\u1eeba m\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t huy\u1ebft, NVV \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m Ch\u1ee7 b\u00fat t\u1edd b\u00e1o ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p \u201cNotre Revue \u201d l\u00fac \u00f4ng m\u1edbi 26 tu\u1ed5i.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>N\u0103m 1909, do hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 k\u00e9m c\u1ee7a t\u1edd \u201cNotre Revue \u201d, NVV l\u00e0m t\u1edd b\u00e1o ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u201cNotre Journal\u201d v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung h\u00e0m x\u00fac h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>N\u0103m 1910, d\u01b0 \u00e2m ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0110KNT v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n, H. F. Schneider \u0111\u00e3 &#8220;m\u1eddi&#8221; NVV v\u00e0o S\u00e0i G\u00f2n l\u00e0m c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n cho t\u1edd b\u00e1o ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 \u201cL\u1ee5c t\u1ec9nh T\u00e2n v\u0103n\u201d, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o cho NVV nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec7m quan tr\u1ecdng trong ngh\u1ec1 b\u00e1o.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>N\u0103m 1913, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea1o lo\u1ea1n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p do m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gi\u1eefa NCQ v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, NCQ nh\u1eadn ra vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng l\u00e0m c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa k\u1ebb cai tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 k\u1ebb b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i l\u1edbn. <strong><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Schneider hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 tham v\u1ecdng to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a NVV trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a NCQ trong s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c cai tr\u1ecb, \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc <em>l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1eed nh\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n<\/em>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi NVV m\u1edf m\u1ed9t t\u1edd b\u00e1o in thu\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p th\u1eed v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi &nbsp;trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eed NVV l\u00e0m Ch\u1ee7 b\u00fat t\u1edd b\u00e1o m\u1edbi n\u00e0y l\u1ea5y t\u00ean l\u00e0 &nbsp;\u201c\u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed\u201d (\u0110DTC) xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. <strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u1ebf t\u1ef1u k\u1ebf, NVV c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n s\u0129 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u00f3 h\u00fay t\u00e2m v\u0103n h\u00f3a, \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng \u0110DTC l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ho\u00e0i b\u00e3o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft d\u1ec5 h\u1ecdc cho to\u00e0n d\u00e2n. \u0110DTC tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c khi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1edd b\u00e1o ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf B\u1eafc k\u1ef3, t\u00ednh t\u1eeb l\u00fac \u0110CTB trong \u0110KNT 1907 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u00e1o ch\u00ed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1edd b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m v\u0103n xu\u00f4i b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t <sup>(9)<\/sup>.<\/em><\/strong><strong><em><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>N\u0103m 1915, ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 to l\u1edbn v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng do \u0110DTC t\u1ea1o ra, NCQ th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a NVV, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 &#8220;l\u1ea5y l\u00f2ng&#8221; NVV v\u1edbi hi v\u1ecdng, \u00f4ng s\u1ebd ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n cho ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba (CPT\u0110), Ph\u00f2ng Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Ph\u1ee7 To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch NVV l\u00e0m ti\u1ebfp m\u1ed9t t\u1edd b\u00e1o ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u201cTrung B\u1eafc T\u00e2n V\u0103n\u201d (TBTV). TBTV l\u00e0 t\u1edd b\u00e1o mang \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 phong c\u00e1ch b\u00e1o ch\u00ed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba (26 n\u0103m) <sup>(10)<\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>N\u0103m 1916, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y cho s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, thay th\u1ebf n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khoa c\u1eed truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Phong ki\u1ebfn, NVV c\u00f9ng Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim (1883-1953), m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 uy\u00ean b\u00e1c, l\u1eadp ra t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cNam h\u1ecdc ni\u00ean kh\u00f3a\u201d.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>N\u0103m 1918, NVV b\u1ecb Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n k\u1ebft \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh, v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i khi qu\u00e2n ph\u1ea1m th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, do \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi long th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Vua Kh\u1ea3i \u0110\u1ecbnh (b\u1eaft tay Vua), trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i kh\u00e1nh ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Khi c\u00e1c quan B\u1ed9 L\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i d\u00e2ng s\u1edb \u0111\u1ec3 Nh\u00e0 Vua ra Th\u00e1nh ch\u1ec9 (l\u1ec7nh thi h\u00e0nh \u00e1n), Vua Kh\u1ea3i \u0110\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ec9a mai m\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng: \u201cSao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u00e1i th\u1ee9 lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 \u2018k\u1ef3 qu\u1eb7c\u2019 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady..?\u201d, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e1n l\u1ec7nh.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>N\u0103m 1919. TRUNG B\u1eaeC T\u00c2N V\u0102N tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1edd NH\u1eacT B\u00c1O \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u00e1o ch\u00ed VN <sup>(11)<\/sup> v\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 b\u00fat v\u1eabn l\u00e0 NVV.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>N\u0103m 1920, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u1eeb gi\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam sau g\u1ea7n 40 n\u0103m l\u0103n l\u1ed9n, F. H. Schneider \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i cho NVV kh\u1ed1i t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 g\u1ed3m t\u00f2a so\u1ea1n b\u00e1o, nh\u00e0 in, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n sinh ho\u1ea1t, theo m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 &#8220;t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng&#8221;, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u00e0m \u01a1n NVV sau m\u1ed9t ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap F. H. Schneider ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u0169ng n\u0103m 1920, NVV \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp d\u00e0n d\u1ef1ng v\u1edf k\u1ecbch n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft k\u1ecbch v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Moliere mang t\u00ean \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi Bi\u1ec3n l\u1eadn\u201d, do NVV d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang t\u1ea1i Nh\u00e0 H\u00e1t l\u1edbn H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y 25\/4\/1920. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi n\u00e0y. NVV \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh, r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3!&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>N\u0103m 1922, NVV \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi \u0111i d\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ea5u x\u1ea3o t\u1ea1i M\u00e1c X\u00e2y l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai, nh\u00e2n danh l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan b\u00e1o ch\u00ed. C\u00f9ng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, Nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0u vong t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh, \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u201cNh\u00f3m \u00c1i qu\u1ed1c\u201d. Nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi NVV \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u00e0 m\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e0m li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m vi\u1ebfng long tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Vua Kh\u1ea3i \u0110\u1ecbnh t\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a NVV \u0111\u00e3 mang t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>N\u0103m 1924, NVV k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Paul Thierry <em>C\u00f4ng ty \u0110i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh Indochine Film &amp; cinemas<\/em>, d\u00e0n d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quay b\u1ed9 phim <em>Kim V\u00e2n Ki\u1ec1u<\/em>, d\u1ef1a theo <em>Truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u<\/em> c\u1ee7a thi h\u00e0o Nguy\u1ec5n Du. Ng\u00e0y 19\/9\/1924 b\u1ed9 phim \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfu t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y ra \u0111\u1eddi m\u00f4n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u1ee9 b\u1ea9y tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u1eeb 1923 \u0111\u1ebfn 1925, NVV \u0111\u00e3 thanh l\u00fd m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n do F. H. Schneider chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1n c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o, n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n in \u1ea5n c\u0169 do Schneider \u0111\u01b0a t\u1eeb Ph\u00e1p sang tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ea7n 40 n\u0103m.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><em>C\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c NVV \u0111\u1eb7t mua t\u1eeb Gutenberg n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c n\u0103m 1922, trong chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u2018b\u00ed m\u1eadt\u2019 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Phan V\u0103n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng (1876-1933). To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n in \u1ea5n m\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng cho Nh\u00e0 in TBTV (Nh\u00e0 in l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t B\u1eafc k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y in Ti\u1ebfn B\u1ed9 sau n\u00e0y).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>D\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u0169 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ee1 ra v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec5n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho Nh\u00e0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Hu\u1ef3nh Th\u00fac Kh\u00e1ng (1876-1947), \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o Hu\u1ebf x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1edd b\u00e1o ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf Trung k\u1ef3 mang t\u00ean \u201cTi\u1ebfng D\u00e2n\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Th\u00e1ng 1\/1926, NVV \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o Hu\u1ebf g\u1eb7p Nh\u00e0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u (PBC 1867-1940) \u0111ang b\u1ecb NCQ qu\u1ea3n th\u00fac. Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n s\u1ef9 d\u1ea5u t\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n quan tr\u1ecdng <em>\u201cTh\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9\u201d<\/em> (CAOM m\u00e3 s\u1ed1 SPCE 374).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 in \u1ea5n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i theo k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 in \u1ea5n m\u1edbi, NVV ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef theo c\u00e1ch thay c\u00e1c thanh, d\u1ea5u trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u1eef c\u00e1i khi vi\u1ebft.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u1eb1m quy m\u00f4 h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m do NVV d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c, NVV \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng \u00c9mil Vayrac (Tr\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00f2ng B\u00e1o ch\u00ed B\u1ea3n s\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba) &#8220;h\u00f9n v\u1ed1n&#8221; th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp <em>&#8220;Trung t\u00e2m \u00c2u T\u00e2y T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/em> &#8211; La pens\u00e9e de L&#8217;Occident&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>N\u0103m 1927, cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a NVV \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh B\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn in ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u, t\u1ea1o thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i <sup>(12)<\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><em>(T\u1eeb 1909 \u0111\u1ebfn 1926, NVV \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch g\u1ea7n ba ch\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u s\u00e1ch v\u0103n h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, ch\u1eef H\u00e1n v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p v\u0103n ra ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, ngo\u00e0i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, ch\u1ee9ng minh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u00ednh phong ph\u00fa \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng k\u00fd t\u1ef1 La Tinh).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Ri\u00eang &#8220;Truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u&#8221; c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Du, NVV \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb N\u00f4m sang qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef n\u0103m 1909 v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1912 t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. Sau \u0111\u00f3 NVV d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1936 (tr\u1ea3i qua 27 n\u0103m). N\u0103m 1942 v\u00e0 1943, b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a NVV m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c NXB \u2018Alexandre de\u00a0Rhodes\u2019\u00a0ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><sup><\/sup>N\u0103m 1930, l\u1ed9 di\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gay g\u1eaft gi\u1eefa NVV v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cai tr\u1ecb g\u1ed3m Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba (CPT\u0110), Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Hu\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n Nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh (1892-1945), do \u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 <em>Qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 L\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn <\/em>\u1edf VN, trong khi NVV \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u00f2i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 <em>Tr\u1ef1c tr\u1ecb<\/em> <sup>(13)<\/sup>.<sup>&nbsp;<\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><em>NVV \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u v\u00e0o &#8220;Vi\u1ec7n D\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u B\u1eafc k\u1ef3&#8221; v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean &#8220;H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Kinh t\u1ebf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng&#8221; <sup>(14)<\/sup>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>N\u0103m 1931, m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gi\u1eefa NVV v\u1edbi NCQ l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m. \u0110\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a NVV trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, NCQ \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5m \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m in ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u0110\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a NCQ, NVV \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp t\u1edd b\u00e1o ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p \u201cL\u2019Annam Nouveau \u2013 N\u01b0\u1edbc Nam M\u1edbi\u201d. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1edd b\u00e1o cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0m b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a NVV, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u1edd b\u00e1o duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng L\u1edbn &#8211; GRAND PRIX t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ch\u1ee3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf b\u00e1o ch\u00ed Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Paris n\u0103m 1932.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>N\u0103m 1932, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c thu ph\u1ee5c NVV tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, NCQ quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eb7ng \u00f4ng hu\u00e2n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng <em>B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea9u B\u1ed9i tinh <\/em>c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng NVV \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i <sup>(15)<\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>N\u0103m 1933, NCQ v\u1eabn c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ve v\u00e3n, n\u00edu k\u00e9o m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 v\u1edbi NVV, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f2i b\u00fat, CPT\u0110 \u0111\u00e3 \u2018m\u1eddi\u2019 NVV v\u00e0o Hu\u1ebf l\u00e0m Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 (B\u1ed9 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng) khi Vua b\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, v\u00e0 NVV c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>N\u0103m 1935, sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1eefa NCQ v\u1edbi NVV kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1 g\u1ee5c \u00f4ng, CPT\u0110 \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh xi\u1ebft n\u1ee3 NVV b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 vay c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0110\u00f4ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng, khi NVV \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u201cTrung t\u00e2m \u00c2u T\u00e2y T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d, bu\u1ed9c \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i r\u01a1i v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>N\u0103m 1936, thay v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111i t\u00f9 theo c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a NCQ v\u1edbi t\u1ed9i danh <em>tr\u1ed1n n\u1ee3<\/em>, NVV \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t trong ba \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a NCQ l\u00e0:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>1\/ L\u00e0m Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 cho Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2\/ \u0110i t\u00f9 d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3\/ Sang L\u00e0o \u2018t\u00ecm v\u00e0ng\u2019 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 n\u1ee3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n th\u1ee9 ba n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u2018d\u1eabn d\u1eaft\u2019 c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a CPT\u0110, v\u00e0 NVV \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn sang L\u00e0o. N\u1ed9i dung s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, NVV \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh 10 b\u00e0i, \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean t\u1edd <em>L\u2019Annam Nouveau<\/em> t\u1eeb s\u1ed1 528 \u0111\u1ebfn 538 n\u0103m 1936 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>(Trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i khi NVV sang S\u00ea P\u00f4n, mi\u1ec1n Nam n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u00e0o, NCQ \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng cho ph\u00e1t m\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u00ean NVV v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb m\u1ea1t).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ch\u1ec9 sau m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng \u1edf S\u00ea P\u00f4n l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai, ng\u00e0y 1\/5\/1936, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y thi th\u1ec3 NVV b\u1ecb t\u00edm \u0111en, tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t con thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c m\u1ed9c tr\u00f4i gi\u1eefa d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng S\u00ea P\u00f4n \u2013 Nam L\u00e0o. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh ng\u00e0y 2\/5\/1936, r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ch\u1ebft do\u2026 s\u1ed1t r\u00e9t v\u00e0 ki\u1ebft l\u1ef5!!!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ghi ch\u00fa:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(*) K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn trong \u0111i\u1ebfu v\u0103n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Huy L\u1ee5c, Vi\u1ec7n Tr\u01b0\u1edfng Vi\u1ec7n d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u B\u1eafc k\u1ef3, Ph\u00f3 H\u1ed9i Tr\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ecdc trong l\u1ec5 tang NVV t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 8\/5\/1936 t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><em><\/em><em>Andr\u00e9 D\u2019Argence l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1c h\u1ecdc \u2013 Thanh tra ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, v\u1ee3 l\u00e0 Mai Th\u1ecb L\u1ee5c, ch\u1ecb ru\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a Mai Huy H\u1ed9i, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a NVV t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1913 cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi.<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><\/em><em>T\u00f2a s\u1ee9, c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh ph\u00eda B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><\/em><em>Theo l\u1eddi t\u00e2m s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a NVV \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o Th\u00e1i Ph\u1ec9 ghi l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean tu\u1ea7n b\u00e1o \u201cTin V\u0103n\u201d xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, ng\u00e0y Ch\u1ee7 Nh\u1eadt 28\/7\/1935.<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><\/em><em>Theo b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u00c9mile Vayrac<\/em>,<em> Tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u00f2ng S\u00e1ch b\u00e1o b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9, Ch\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7m t\u1edd \u201cT\u1ee9 d\u00e2n v\u0103n uy\u1ec3n\u201d t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u1edf B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1912-1937.<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><\/em><em>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean NVV c\u00f3 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean t\u1edd c\u00f4ng b\u00e1o in ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y.<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><\/em><em>\u201c\u0110\u1ea7u Ph\u00e1p Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 th\u01b0\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, n\u0103m 1933, tr\u00ean s\u1ed1 223 c\u1ee7a \u201cL\u2019Annam Nouveau \u2013 N\u01b0\u1edbc Nam M\u1edbi\u201d do NVV l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 Nhi\u1ec7m ki\u00eam Ch\u1ee7 b\u00fat, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 cho \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n v\u0103n ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a PCT. N\u0103m 1949, nh\u00e2n ng\u00e0y gi\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh 24\/3, v\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean tu\u1ea7n b\u00e1o T\u00e2n D\u00e2n ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u1ee9c K\u1ebf (1878-1929).<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><\/em><em>Jean-Fran\u00e7ois-Henri Schneider l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh v\u1ec1 in \u1ea5n v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, n\u0103m 1882 \u0111\u1ebfn Nam k\u1ef3 theo m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n 3 n\u0103m k\u00fd v\u1edbi H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Khi Schneider \u1edf Nam k\u1ef3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi hai nh\u00e2n s\u1ef9 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd (1837-1898) v\u00e0 Hu\u1ef3nh T\u1ecbnh C\u1ee7a (1834-1907), tuy nhi\u00ean qua nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Sau g\u1ea7n hai ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m, khi Schneider chuy\u1ec3n ra B\u1eafc k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c NVV, s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p in \u1ea5n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u1ed9n nh\u1ecbp nh\u1edd k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 NVV g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc d\u1ecbch, v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u1edf VN.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>8. <em>\u0110\u00e0o Trinh Nh\u1ea5t (1900-1951), Tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u2013 NXB Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng 2025, trang 567.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>9. <em>B\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng C\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 Thu H\u01b0\u1eddng \u2013Trung t\u00e2m L\u01b0u tr\u1eef qu\u1ed1c gia I &#8211;<\/em><em> h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 46538-04.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>10. <em>\u201cNh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u m\u1ed1c ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u00e1o ch\u00ed HN\u201d \u2013 B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng LS Qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>11. <em>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u00e1o ch\u00ed HN 2004 \u2013 NXB Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c gia, trang 480.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>12. <em>T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cTem B\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n\u201d c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh B\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n Vi\u1ec7t nam s\u1ed1 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2011.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>13. <em>N\u1ed9i dung n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in tr\u00ean trang nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1edd \u201cL\u2019ANNAM NOUVEAU \u2013 N\u01af\u1edaC NAM M\u1edaI\u201d s\u1ed1 1, ra ng\u00e0y 21\/1\/1931 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i HN. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>14. <em>\u201cVi\u1ec7n D\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u B\u1eafc K\u1ef3\u201d (Chambre des Repr\u00e9sentants du Peuple du Tonkin), do To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng&nbsp;Alexandre Varenne l\u1eadp ra n\u0103m 1926, l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n cho Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p. <\/em>     <em>Vi\u1ec7n D\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 g\u00f3p \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham v\u1ea5n, nh\u01b0ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea5m b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed1ng s\u1ee9 B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 khi mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u201cKh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng non s\u00f4ng\u201d, k\u00eanh VTV1 \u0110\u00e0i Truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh VN ng\u00e0y 7\/10\/2024).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>15. <em>\u201cNh\u1ea5t T\u00e2m\u201d NXB T\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n 1957, trang 22.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>H\u1ebft b\u00e0i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>NLB<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1eddi c\u00e1c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3n \u0111\u1ecdc <em>b\u00e0i th\u1ee9 hai:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>NGUY\u1ec4N V\u0102N V\u0128NH <\/strong><strong>\u1ede \u0110\u00c2U TRONG \u0110\u1edcI S\u1ed0NG V\u0102N H\u00d3A \u2013 CH\u00cdNH TR\u1eca VI\u1ec6T NAM?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/DSC_5470-scaled.jpg\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"678\" src=\"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/DSC_5470-1024x678.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9771\" style=\"width:676px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/DSC_5470-1024x678.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/DSC_5470-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/DSC_5470-768x509.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/DSC_5470-1536x1017.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/DSC_5470-2048x1356.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/DSC_5470-120x80.jpg 120w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/MG_0316-scaled.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/MG_0316-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9770\" style=\"width:680px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/MG_0316-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/MG_0316-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/MG_0316-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/MG_0316-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/MG_0316-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/MG_0316-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/thu-nhiem-266-scaled.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/thu-nhiem-266-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9772\" style=\"width:680px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/thu-nhiem-266-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/thu-nhiem-266-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/thu-nhiem-266-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/thu-nhiem-266-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/thu-nhiem-266-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/thu-nhiem-266-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i,15.10.2025 Th\u01b0a c\u00e1c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n! Nh\u1eefng tranh c\u00e3i trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam su\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3, nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh (NVV), ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed3 r\u1eb1ng, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u do s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft thi\u1ebfu t\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7c [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":34,"featured_media":9772,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/thu-nhiem-266-scaled.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9773"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/34"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=9773"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9773\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9779,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9773\/revisions\/9779"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/9772"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=9773"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=9773"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=9773"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}