{"id":9345,"date":"2024-03-15T11:23:26","date_gmt":"2024-03-15T04:23:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/?p=9345"},"modified":"2024-03-15T12:27:51","modified_gmt":"2024-03-15T05:27:51","slug":"cai-dau-tien-thu-4-nguyen-van-vinh-nguoi-viet-nam-dau-tien-la-hoi-vien-hoi-nhan-quyen-phap-1906","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/?p=9345","title":{"rendered":"C\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u1ee9 4 – NGUY\u1ec4N V\u0102N V\u0128NH ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean H\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n Ph\u00e1p 1906."},"content":{"rendered":"\n

(… m\u1ed9t <\/em><\/strong>(ng\u01b0\u1eddi) d\u00e2n mu\u1ed1n theo \u0111\u00f2i v\u0103n minh th\u1ef1c, ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ri\u00eang<\/strong> (c\u1ee7a) t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi…<\/strong><\/em>)<\/em><\/strong> (\u0110\u0103ng C\u1ed5 T\u00f9ng B\u00e1o 10\/10\/1907 \u2013 NVV)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong (ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda Nam c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc An Nam) v\u00e0o n\u1eeda cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1930, trong ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n An Nam, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n l\u00e0: Th\u00f4 b\u1ea1o, l\u00e0 ch\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1p, l\u00e0 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc An Nam, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm trong l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, cai tr\u1ecb theo th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf truy\u1ec1n n\u1ed1i. S\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf duy tr\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi, c\u00f9ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ed3ng k\u1ec1nh, y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i mang t\u00ednh \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m g\u00ec v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n tr\u00ed…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00ec \u2018t\u00edch c\u1ef1c\u2019 t\u1edbi t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean? C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng nhen nh\u00f3m \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3, hi v\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat l\u1ea1c quan, r\u1eb1ng: C\u00e1i th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ngo\u1ea1i bang m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd \u2018m\u01b0\u1ee3n\u2019 c\u1edb t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5, thanh l\u00fd c\u00e1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Phong ki\u1ebfn c\u1ed5 h\u1ee7 ng\u00e0n \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103ng?!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u00ec khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p, m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia v\u0103n minh, gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n? Li\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i t\u0103m t\u1ed1i \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc An Nam?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc, v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n An Nam \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean s\u1ed1ng trong t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh. Th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 xa l\u1ea1, h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 l\u0169 Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n<\/em> m\u1eaft xanh m\u0169i l\u00f5<\/em>…  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1eady l\u00e0, m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng hay, c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea3 do s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c mi\u1ec7t th\u1ecb l\u1eabn nhau, bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 th\u00f9 gh\u00e9t. Trong khi ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n An Nam c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a th\u1eadt hi\u1ec3u ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 ai, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 n\u00e0y? Th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u1ea1o m\u1ea1n, nh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 b\u1eb1ng con m\u1eaft khinh mi\u1ec7t. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, ch\u00fang ta b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o v\u1ecb th\u1ebf b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quy lu\u1eadt, khi m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb b\u1ecb r\u01a1i v\u00e0o th\u1ebf y\u1ebfu, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1 s\u1ef1 uy hi\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2018tr\u00ean c\u01a1\u2019, b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng Thi\u00ean t\u1ea1o, b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng sinh t\u1ed3n bu\u1ed9c k\u1ebb y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c. S\u1ef1 uy hi\u1ebfp k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, k\u1ebb y\u1ebfm th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 c\u0169ng b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, do thi\u1ebfu ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c (tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7), \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 m\u00e1u l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. V\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 uy hi\u1ebfp, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh, t\u00edch l\u0169y s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t gi\u00fap h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1ea3y ra gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 k\u1ebb may m\u1eafn, nh\u1edd v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc, c\u00f3 k\u1ebb th\u1eafng tr\u1eadn, sau khi tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 k\u00ecm k\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb th\u00f9, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy, thi\u1ebfu s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn… V\u00e0 r\u1ed3i, s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed1n kh\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111eo b\u00e1m, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u1eabn c\u01a1 c\u1ef1c b\u1ea7n h\u00e0n, ngh\u00e8o v\u1eabn ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 v\u1eabn kh\u1ed5, h\u1ecd \u00e2m th\u1ea7m t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi, c\u00e1i chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng?!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n s\u1ee9c, l\u00e0m c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ed3i sinh c\u1ee7a b\u00ean y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n, c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1eefu v\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh do cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh tr\u1ea7m kha trong tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng n\u00f2i, g\u00e2y c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3, l\u00e0 l\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn k\u1ebb th\u1eafng tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m, v\u00e0 nguy c\u01a1 l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh con m\u1ed3i cho nh\u1eefng toan t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 nham hi\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c, trong khi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb tham lam v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B. T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5, v\u1edbi g\u1ea7n 1000 n\u0103m b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 b\u1edfi Phong ki\u1ebfn Trung Hoa, l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 v\u1eeba \u2018l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng\u2019, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c l\u00e0m cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u1eeba s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, v\u1eeba gi\u1eadn d\u1eef, c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nhau, n\u00ean nh\u1eefng g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00e9t, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0 duy m\u1ec9a mai, \u0111au x\u00f3t:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c… Ng\u00e0y xem \u1ed1ng kh\u00f3i ch\u1ea1y \u0111en x\u00ec, toan ra c\u1eafn c\u1ed5\u2026\u201d <\/em>(1)<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1i ng\u00e0y nh\u00e2n s\u1ef9 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh Chi\u1ec3u (1822-1888) b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 ph\u1eabn u\u1ea5t mang t\u00ednh b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng \u1ea5y, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 cay \u0111\u1eafng v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn kinh s\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c \u00f4ng ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebft, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng h\u00f4 h\u00e0o l\u00e0m binh bi\u1ebfn theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ef1c ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00e3, r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cS\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c, th\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c, linh h\u1ed3n theo gi\u00fap c\u01a1 binh mu\u00f4n ki\u1ebfp nguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 kia…\u201d <\/em>(2)<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0 r\u1ed3i ba ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc An Nam v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u00e2m v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh b\u1ebf t\u1eafc. H\u1eadn th\u00f9 c\u00e0ng s\u00e2u, m\u00e1u ch\u1ea3y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, tr\u00ean c\u1ed5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n l\u00e0 hai tr\u00f2ng \u00e1p b\u1ee9c (Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n-Vua quan) thi nhau h\u00e0 hi\u1ebfp m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ea7n h\u00e0n, m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u01b0a khi n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft, r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n g\u00ec khi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi?!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ea3m c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc An Nam ng\u00e0y \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c, nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh (1872 -1926), \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng k\u00ecm ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed7i \u0111au v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh u m\u00ea, t\u0103m t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c mang t\u00e2m th\u1ebf mong c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 chia s\u1ebb v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh k\u1ebb cai tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng g\u1eedi t\u1edbi Quan To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ngJean Baptiste Paul Beau<\/a> Th\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c h\u1eadu b\u1ed5<\/em> (15\/9 n\u0103m Th\u00e0nh Th\u00e1i th\u1ee9 18 – 1906).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 hi v\u1ecdng (sau n\u00e0y, h\u1eadu th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 k\u1ebb c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, ch\u1ebf nh\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng) v\u00e0o c\u00e1i th\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cM\u1eaft xanh m\u0169i l\u00f5<\/em>\u201d kia, s\u1ebd nh\u00e2n danh l\u00e0 k\u1ebb khai s\u00e1ng, k\u1ebb c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1edbi kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u201cT\u1ef1 do \u2013 B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng \u2013 B\u00e1c \u00e1i\u201d<\/em>, k\u1ebb c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu, v\u1edbi danh t\u01b0\u1edbng N\u00e3 Ph\u00e1 Lu\u00e2n (Napoleon) l\u1eaby l\u1eebng, s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n m\u00e0 ra tay c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea7m than, m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n(3)<\/sup>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cC\u1ea3 m\u1ea5y m\u01b0\u01a1i tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0n ru\u1ed3i, l\u0169 ki\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ch\u00fat nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ea3m tr\u1ea1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft ai c\u0169ng tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4i d\u00e1m n\u00f3i qu\u00e1 l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 vu cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2u…<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea7u r\u01a1i m\u00e1u ch\u1ea3y, nh\u1eefng tang t\u00f3c m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ebfm tr\u1ea3i. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o m\u00ecnh lao v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u01a1 b\u1eafp, \u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hy v\u1ecdng \u1edf t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u201cNh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5\u201d<\/em>, n\u01a1i sinh ra cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, g\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111i t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng cho m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u00d4ng tin v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n, \u00f4ng nh\u1eefng mong, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n l\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft, xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e1u, m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t, kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. \u0110\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00e1nh b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n kh\u00f4n ngoan, kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u t\u00ednh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb tr\u1ecb v\u00ec. V\u1eady nh\u01b0ng, Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf v\u1ecb th\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, b\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ea9y nhau v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 hoang t\u00e0n… Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian, khi xung \u0111\u1ed9t qua \u0111i, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00f4ng minh, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u00f9 truy\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a nhau. May m\u1eafn h\u01a1n, h\u1ecd c\u00f2n t\u00ecm ra gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng minh, c\u00f9ng nhau, h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c, h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng cho nhau s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, khi xung \u0111\u1ed9t, h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n \u2018\u0103n th\u1ecbt\u2019 l\u1eabn nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y \u1ea5y, c\u00e1i v\u00f2ng kim c\u00f4 c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1i t\u01b0 duy ti\u1ec3u n\u00f4ng, thi\u1ec3n c\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e2y h\u00e3m ch\u00fang ta. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd khoa h\u1ecdc, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia: \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec1n v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4i\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C. S\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi.<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t An Nam \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu nh\u00e2n th\u1ea5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i tri\u1ebft l\u00fd n\u00eau tr\u00ean. V\u1edbi b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh h\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u1ec7n k\u00e8m c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c quan, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 \u2018ch\u00f3t\u2019 tin v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 cam k\u1ebft s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c khai h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f4i b\u00ean c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i, c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c k\u1ebft giao theo gi\u00e1o l\u00fd d\u00e2n gian: G\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ee5c kh\u01a1i trong<\/em>, t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea3m ho\u00e1 l\u1eabn nhau, h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p – Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1 hu\u1ec1 <\/em>(4)<\/sup>.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng Nh\u00e0 \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c ng\u00e0y \u1ea5y, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1c c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n trong t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n khao kh\u00e1t t\u1ef1 do, lu\u00f4n s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0, t\u00edch thi\u1ec7n ph\u1ee5c thi\u1ec7n<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m, l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh, b\u1edfi h\u1ecd tin, ch\u1ec9 khi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, t\u1ea1o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u00ednh hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn. H\u1ecd nh\u1eefng mong, b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao d\u00e2n tr\u00ed, m\u1edf ra kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft l\u1eabn nhau, \u0111\u00f4i b\u00ean s\u1ebd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ph\u00eda, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, tr\u00e1nh \u0111i nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c binh \u0111ao g\u00e2y m\u00e1u ch\u1ea3y, \u0111\u1ea7u r\u01a1i, tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 th\u00f9 h\u1eadn v\u00e0 ly t\u00e1n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u00edt h\u1eadn th\u00f9 m\u1edbi t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p, c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho t\u00ecnh \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n m\u1edbi c\u00f9ng nhau t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu nh\u00e2n xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang ng\u00e0y \u1ea5y, \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi k\u1ebb \u0111ang cai tr\u1ecb m\u00ecnh, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u00e9p duy\u00ean mang t\u00ednh s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con kho\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd, gi\u00e0u ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng cho \u0111\u1eddi, cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong nhi\u1ec1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, T\u1ea1o ho\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i khi sinh ra kh\u00f4ng \u00edt nh\u1eefng g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0111a s\u1ed1. C\u00e1i kh\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0 d\u00e1m l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i vai tr\u00f2 ti\u00ean phong, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh k\u1ebb d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0o ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh t\u0103m t\u1ed1i ng\u00e0y \u1ea5y, s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u1eadu b\u00e9 nh\u00e0 qu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi An Nam, ch\u1ec9 nh\u1edd h\u1ecdc l\u1ecfm m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c gi\u1ecfi ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y, ti\u1ebfng T\u00e0u, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u1eadu c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau n\u1ed3ng n\u00e0n v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb. C\u1eadu \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb l\u00fac c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t tr\u1ebb r\u1eb1ng, con ch\u1eef l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. C\u00f3 ch\u1eef, c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy, s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ai, m\u00ecnh n\u00ean l\u00e0m g\u00ec, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 g\u00ec? C\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1eadn m\u1ea1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u1eadu b\u00e9 \u2018nh\u00e0 qu\u00ea\u2019 \u0111\u00f3 tin: \u0110\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 c\u1ed1t c\u00e1ch, s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i sinh v\u0103n h\u00f3a ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. C\u1eadu h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch tho\u00e1t c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3i kh\u1ed5, l\u00e0m cho quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i ngang b\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em> c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb \u0111ang cai tr\u1ecb m\u00ecnh, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 th\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ebd x\u00f3a b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfp n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1u m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng no \u0111\u1ee7…. V\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng qua quan s\u00e1t, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u1eef. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5m \u0111\u1eabm t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, Alexis-Charles-Henri Maurice Cl\u00e9rel de Tocqueville <\/em>(1805-1859 – T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a N\u1ec1n d\u00e2n tr\u1ecb M\u1ef9<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cCh\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 l\u00e0 do suy \u0111\u1ed3i v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea1o lo\u1ea1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng mong mu\u1ed1n. C\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9 nu\u1ed1t ch\u1eedng”.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

D. D\u1ea5n th\u00e2n.<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh l\u00e0 vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c t\u1eeb khi m\u1edbi 15 tu\u1ed5i. C\u1eadu l\u1edbn l\u00ean trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m in ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m thu\u00ea, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u hi\u1ebfm hoi \u1edf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi Phong ki\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ea1o h\u00f3a ban cho n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp thu, b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u2018r\u01a1i\u2019 v\u00e0o tay m\u00ecnh<\/em>, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ed9 ra c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc hi\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft. Sau n\u00e0y, tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00f2i d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u201cH\u00e3y h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy logic ch\u00e2u \u00c2u!\u201d<\/em>. L\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean t\u1edd b\u00e1o ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t do m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 b\u00fat Trung B\u1eafc T\u00e2n v\u0103n –<\/em>1917.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d4ng s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 khai s\u00e1ng \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 v\u00e0 18, \u00f4ng t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh nguy\u00ean l\u00fd: \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean do T\u1ea1o h\u00f3a ban t\u1eb7ng! C\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y khi m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hay m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c \u2018chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u2019 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do, quy\u1ec1n m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eafc khi ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n, r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng lo l\u1eafng nh\u1eadn ra, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c<\/em> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 xa l\u1ea1, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed n\u1ebfu c\u00f3, n\u00f3 \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i r\u1ea5t s\u01a1 khai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh bi\u1ebft, quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f2n m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, trong khi \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ecdi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n, n\u00ean ng\u00e0y 10\/10\/1907, cho d\u00f9 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean \u201c\u0110\u0103ng c\u1ed5 t\u00f9ng b\u00e1o\u201d<\/em> (b\u00e1o ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf B\u1eafc K\u1ef3) b\u00e0i: \u201cH\u1ee3p – Qu\u1ea7n\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo \u00f4ng: Vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea7n th\u1ea3o l\u1eabn nhau v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f4 b\u1ed5<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng Nh\u00f3m, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t H\u1ed9i. Theo \u00f4ng, t\u00e2m nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c nhau, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nhau l\u00e0 m\u1ea5y, n\u1ebfu so s\u00e1nh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ea7u hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi An Nam. C\u00e1i kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch – l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean khi tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m, \u00f4ng di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c… Nh\u01b0 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p th\u00ec ngh\u0129a h\u1ee3p-qu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta h\u1ed9i-t\u1ee5 nhau l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 thi h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u00fd chung.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede T\u1ea7u th\u00ec l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t x\u1ee9, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed9i-t\u1ee5 nhau \u0111\u1ec3 binh v\u1ef1c nhau, c\u1ee9u d\u00fap nhau tu\u1ef3 \u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam ta th\u00ec h\u1ee3p-qu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb3ng, m\u1ed9t l\u00e0ng, m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7, h\u1ed9i-t\u1ee5 nhau \u0111\u1ec3 vui chung, vui c\u00f3 tr\u00ean c\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi, vui tr\u1ebb vui gi\u00e0, vui \u0111\u00f3ng vui g\u00f3p, vui tranh nhau ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d4ng T\u00e2y th\u00ec m\u1edf m\u1ed9t H\u1ed9i ra ai h\u1ee3p \u00fd th\u00ec v\u00e0o… Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1i H\u1ed9i nh\u1edbn \u1ea5y l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb vi\u1ec7c cho d\u00e2n ai ai c\u0169ng gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1-do, b\u00ecnh-\u0111\u1eb3ng, cho m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef7 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt-ph\u00e9p… nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n mu\u1ed1n theo \u0111\u00f2i v\u0103n minh th\u1ef1c, ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ri\u00eang t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i ri\u00eang, th\u00ec m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh b\u1ec1n. \u00c9p n\u00e0i nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1i h\u00e8n l\u1ea1i d\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c cho ch\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t m\u1edb s\u1ee9c th\u00ec c\u00e1i s\u1ee9c \u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 th\u00f4i\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Tr\u00edch t\u1eeb b\u00e0i \u201cH\u1ee3p \u2013 Qu\u1ea7n\u201d<\/em>, b\u00fat danh: T-N-T).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ecdc t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t thanh ni\u00ean 25 tu\u1ed5i, ti\u1ebfp thu m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u1ed7n t\u1ea1p theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Man di<\/em> (T\u1edbi n\u0103m 1932, trong lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i b\u00fat chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Hu\u1ef3nh Th\u00fac Kh\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 k\u1ebb Man di <\/em>nh\u01b0ng Hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/em>), s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n, b\u1ebf t\u1eafc \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5, lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi l\u1ed1i ngh\u0129 c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, t\u1ef1 an \u1ee7i m\u00ecnh theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u201c…D\u00f9 trong, d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ee5c ao nh\u00e0 v\u1eabn h\u01a1n\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1eady ngu\u1ed3n c\u01a1n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u00f4ng \u0111i tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1eefng s\u1edd nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, khi nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng?!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qua c\u00e1c ghi ch\u00e9p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi sau nh\u1eadn ra v\u1ecb \u0110\u1ed1c l\u00fd H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i (7\/1905-2\/1906) Hauser<\/em>, th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh. Hauser<\/em>, m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng gi\u00e1o D\u2019Argence<\/em> \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n \u0110\u00ecnh Y\u00ean Ph\u1ee5 n\u0103m 1892, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu, c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u00e0i tr\u00ed kh\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u1eadu c\u1ee7a c\u1eadu b\u00e9 8 tu\u1ed5i l\u00e0 k\u1ebb k\u00e9o qu\u1ea1t thu\u00ea trong l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi Hauser<\/em> c\u00f2n l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng s\u1ee9 B\u1eafc Giang-B\u1eafc Ninh (1902), \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e1m quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u00f9ng c\u1eadu th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n (ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 qu\u00ea) l\u00e0m Ch\u00e1nh V\u0103n Ph\u00f2ng To\u00e0 s\u1ee9, v\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u1eb7t c\u1ea3 Ph\u00f3 s\u1ee9 Eckert, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a S\u1edf M\u1eadt th\u00e1m Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch an ninh (Ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Huy L\u1ee5c \u2013 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7n D\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u B\u1eafc k\u1ef3). Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m \u0110\u1ed1c l\u00fd H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i n\u0103m 1905, Hauser<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh v\u1ec1 c\u00f9ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 n\u1ec3 tr\u1ecdng trong con m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, l\u00e0 khi Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u00e1ch, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c gian h\u00e0ng gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt x\u1ee9 \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng (Cochinchine) \u0111\u01b0a \u0111i tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ch\u1ee3 (\u0110\u1ea5u x\u1ea3o) Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba M\u00e1c X\u00e2y 1906.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
H\u1ed9i ch\u1ee3 Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Mac X\u00e2y 1906.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sang Ph\u00e1p khi m\u1edbi 24 tu\u1ed5i l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u m\u1ed1c l\u1edbn trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1eadn m\u1eaft nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng sinh ho\u1ea1t kh\u00e1c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi nh\u00e3n quan c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n An Nam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong 3 th\u00e1ng l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p, ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng g\u1eb7p \u1edf qu\u00ea nh\u00e0 trong phong th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00ean th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9i m\u0169 c\u00e1t, tay ch\u1ed1ng ba toong, b\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u1ee1n, m\u1ed3m ng\u1eadm t\u1ea9u thu\u1ed1c, h\u1ed1ng h\u00e1ch, tr\u1ecbnh th\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ee3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 k\u1ebb cai tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, n\u01a1i Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, \u00f4ng tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cai tr\u1ecb theo quy ch\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qua c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft khi \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00ean n\u1eefa, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i sinh ra c\u00e1c danh nh\u00e2n l\u1eebng l\u1eaby trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t m\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i, \u00f4ng coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00f4i  c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 J.J. Rutxo, A. Dumas, H. de Banzac, V. Hugo… T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do, l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, v\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi?!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng, v\u1edbi 6 th\u00e1ng s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Ph\u00e1p, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh nh\u1eadn ra l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3m h\u0129nh, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed1ng h\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng t\u00ean th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u1edf qu\u00ea nh\u00e0 b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi An Nam c\u0103m gh\u00e9t. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Hauser<\/em> v\u00e0 Schneider<\/em>, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c c\u00f9ng \u00f4ng, gi\u00fap \u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u0103n ho\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d4ng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p 1789, c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng x\u00e3 Paris 1871\u2026 Vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u00f4ng Pierre Vierge<\/em> v\u00e0 Lhermite <\/em>m\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n tin c\u1eady.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u1ea3m k\u00edch tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3n l\u0129nh v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh, Hauser<\/em> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi H\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n Quy\u1ec1n Ph\u00e1p (Ligue des Droits de l’homme)<\/em> m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ecd v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00f4ng tham gia v\u00e0o H\u1ed9i, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc An Nam c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111ang l\u00e0 m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t h\u1ed3ng hoang v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p. H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n \u00f4ng l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n cho phong tr\u00e0o nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. Ng\u1eabm ra, th\u1eadt l\u1ea1 v\u00ec th\u1eed h\u1ecfi, c\u00f3 k\u1ebb cai tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o mu\u1ed1n gi\u00fap m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng…?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft phong ph\u00fa, nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng l\u1edbn lao, v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp thu v\u00f4 t\u1eadn, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eafn \u0111o \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi An Nam \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n Quy\u1ec1n Ph\u00e1p<\/em>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u0103m 1906.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh h\u01a1n ai h\u1ebft, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u1edf tr\u00ean, \u00f4ng ng\u00e2y ng\u1ea5t v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0: T\u1ef1do-B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng-B\u00e1c \u00e1i<\/em>. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a B\u1ea3n Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 D\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n<\/em> 26\/8\/1789 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp thu nh\u1eefng tinh hoa t\u1eeb \u201cC\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\u201d <\/em>c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Anh n\u0103m 1688, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng n\u1eb1m trong \u201cTuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp\u201d<\/em> c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 n\u0103m 1776, v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kim ch\u1ec9 nam cho \u201cTuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp\u201d <\/em>c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc VNDCCH 1945.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 \u201cPh\u00e9p t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d<\/em> v\u00e0 \u201cKh\u1ebf \u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d<\/em> c\u1ee7a hai tri\u1ebft gia khai sinh ra n\u00f3, l\u00e0 John Locke (1632<\/a>–1704<\/a>) v\u00e0 Jean-Jacques Rousseau (Gi\u0103ng Gi\u1eafc R\u00fat-x\u00f4 1712<\/a>–1778<\/a>), hai v\u0129 nh\u00e2n trong con m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 ra c\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch tr\u00edch \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia n\u00e0y ra ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, b\u1edfi t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n s\u0129 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y \u1ea5y, khi mu\u1ed1n n\u00e2ng cao t\u1ea7m hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n qua c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 lao v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u00e0nh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, m\u1ed7i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ri\u00eang l\u1ebb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vi\u1ec7c ng\u00e0y \u1ea5y, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 uy th\u1ebf, \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, n\u01a1i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 nhau!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, cho n\u00ean, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh t\u1edd b\u00e1o do m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 b\u00fat, \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c…\u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf h\u1ecd b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do g\u00ec l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c thi h\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf ch\u1ed7 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c…\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

E. K\u1ebft.<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u00e3 qua, t\u1eeb khi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tham gia v\u00e0o t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi?!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1eady nh\u01b0ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f4m nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eabn l\u00fang t\u00fang trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi? Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, v\u00ec sao ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn \u0111\u1eafn \u0111o trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c im l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi? M\u1ec9a mai h\u01a1n, l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 nghi ng\u1ea1i, xem c\u00e1i quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb g\u1ea7n 100 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ti\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, nh\u00e0 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc Hu\u1ef3nh Th\u00fac Kh\u00e1ng (1876-1947), ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7n Tr\u01b0\u1edfng Vi\u1ec7n D\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u Trung K\u1ef3 th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 Quy\u1ec1n Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam DCCH (1946) \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1i quy\u1ec1n im l\u1eb7ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cN\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n n\u00f3i th\u00ec \u00edt ra c\u0169ng gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta bu\u1ed9c n\u00f3i\u201d<\/em><\/strong> (b\u00e1o Ti\u1ebfng D\u00e2n 1927). M\u1edbi th\u1ea5y Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i xa \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o?! C\u00f3 m\u1ec9a mai kh\u00f4ng khi \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111i nhanh h\u01a1n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 mai h\u1eadu v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c \u0111\u1ed1 k\u1ef5, c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh quay l\u01b0ng v\u1edbi h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1eady nh\u01b0ng, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, m\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam duy nh\u1ea5t can d\u1ef1, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u0103m 1908, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao qu\u00fd c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u00e2n danh l\u00e0 h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean H\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n Ph\u00e1p<\/em>, k\u00fd \u0111\u01a1n g\u1eedi To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng Antony WladislasKlobukowski (1855-1934), \u0111\u00f2i th\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh do b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, v\u00ec Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Xin th\u01b0a, vi\u1ec7c nh\u1edb hay qu\u00ean m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00ec quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, m\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 (d\u00f9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o (k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i), b\u1edfi l\u1ebd d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 m\u00e3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t oxy \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng oxy c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e0ng kho\u1ebb, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u0169, b\u1eaft ch\u1ea5p c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i: \u2018\u0110\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd\u2019<\/em>!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea5u tranh t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c…Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u00e0ng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t th\u00ec d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u00e0ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3…\u201d<\/em> (5)<\/sup>.        <\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch:<\/p>\n\n\n\n