<\/p>\n
S\u1ebd ra sao khi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi b\u1ed9c b\u1ea1ch ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c?<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n
C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00f4 c\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra trong t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n nay, khi m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean, c\u00f2n k\u1ebb c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u00ec c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea7u an, th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi b\u1ed9c b\u1ea1ch ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c lan truy\u1ec1n, lay \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1i tim, th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed1i \u00f3c \u0111ang m\u00f9 m\u1edd tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1?; hay l\u00e0, ngay t\u1eeb khi nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1t ra tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00f4i, tr\u00ean ng\u1ecdn b\u00fat, tr\u00ean l\u1eddi ca, n\u00e9t v\u1ebd, th\u00ec l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c b\u1ecb di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch m\u00e9o m\u00f3, t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i h\u01a1n, b\u1ecb ho\u00e0i nghi, d\u00e8 ch\u1eebng, g\u00e1n \u201cnh\u00e3n \u0111en\u201d v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1ecb tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, s\u1ef1 d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 \u0111ang d\u1ea7n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n s\u1ed1ng. T\u1eadp qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch chi ph\u1ed1i m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh vi, l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh th\u1ee9 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n h\u00f2ng d\u00f2 t\u00ecm manh m\u1ed1i h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 trung th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea5u nh\u1eb9m, ph\u1ee7 b\u00f3ng l\u00ean m\u1ecdi khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 g\u00e2y ra, x\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ecdi bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n manh nha ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i n\u00f3 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 \u201cb\u1ea5t c\u1eadp\u201d, \u201cnh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m\u201d v\u00e0 b\u00f3p ch\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra ng\u1ee5y t\u00edn, vung v\u00edt t\u00f4 h\u1ed3ng c\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7y ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ea3nh, x\u00f3a s\u1ea1ch nh\u1eefng t\u00ec v\u1ebft ph\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 m\u00e0 n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra. N\u00f3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng l\u00e0m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, nguy hi\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n r\u1ed9ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p ph\u00e1p l\u00fd hay \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd.<\/p>\n
V\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u201cru\u1ed9t th\u1ecbt\u201d c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1, Alexander Solzhenitsyn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u0103n h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft th\u1eadt ch\u00ed l\u00fd trong m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a Kh\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1<\/em>: \u201cB\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o che gi\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f3ng vu\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1, v\u00e0 d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u1edd b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c. B\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1eb7t b\u00e0n tay l\u00f4ng l\u00e1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0o m\u1ecdi l\u00fac tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1, tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u sinh ho\u1ea1t h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y \u2013 l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3\u201d (Ph\u1ea1m Ng\u1ecdc d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Nga).<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00f3i, sau nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9c b\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n t\u1ec9nh n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u1eeb t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Gulag<\/em>, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Solzhenitsyn b\u1ecb Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t sang \u0110\u1ee9c, n\u0103m 1974. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng minh ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ng\u00f4n.<\/p>\n Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf h\u00f4m nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn cao \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1. Ti\u1ebfc r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111ang t\u1eebng ng\u00e0y t\u1eebng gi\u1edd, s\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u1ea5y ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd m\u1ea3y may t\u1ef1 v\u1ea5n l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m khi \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1eb7c th\u1ee9 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 \u0111ang ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n m\u1ecdi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u00e0m cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p r\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb trung th\u00e0nh bao bi\u1ec7n, s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng l\u00e0m c\u00e1nh tay \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 cho th\u1ee9 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ed1t s\u1eafng.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng lo ng\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng \u1edf s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (v\u00ec trong t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3) m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 di s\u1ea3n d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m t\u00ednh c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111ang len l\u1ecfi ng\u1ea5m s\u00e2u v\u00e0o v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng, l\u00e0m hoang m\u1ea1c h\u00f3a vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. M\u1ed9t vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u00e2m t\u00ednh, tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh.<\/p>\n C\u00f3 l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 lo \u00e2u, khi m\u00e0 ba \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c (c\u0169ng l\u00e0 tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng) c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh li\u1ec7t t\u00e2m (institutionalism)1<\/sup>: s\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c, th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 th\u1edd \u01a1<\/em> \u0111ang tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kinh nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb, b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc v\u1ee1 l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1edbp h\u1eadu sinh kh\u1ea3 \u00fay n\u00e0y l\u00e0: \u0111\u1ec3 sinh t\u1ed3n, h\u00e3y t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o ch\u00f4n gi\u1ea5u nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i trung th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn sinh t\u1ed3n dai d\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m. M\u1ed9t khi manh gi\u00e1p c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 trung th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee9 nhi\u1ec1u phen b\u1ecb xuy\u00ean th\u1ee7ng, s\u1ebd ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n tha h\u00f3a, vong th\u00e2n.<\/p>\n Th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc \u0111au x\u00f3t \u0111\u00f3 sao!?<\/p>\n Th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2m l\u1eb7ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u01b0\u01a1n h\u00e8n cho m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an to\u00e0n, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch vu\u1ed1t ve r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nh\u1ecbn<\/em> (k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1ecbn nh\u1ee5c) s\u1ebd thu v\u1ec1 ch\u00edn s\u1ef1 l\u00e0nh<\/em>!?<\/p>\n Trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nhu c\u1ea7u b\u1ed9c b\u1ea1ch trung th\u1ef1c v\u1edbi nhau s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n — Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0129nh Nguy\u00ean<\/p>\n Ngu\u1ed3n b\u00e0i d\u1eabn:<\/p>\n http:\/\/tiasang.com.vn\/Default.aspx?tabid=116&CategoryID=42&News=5886<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" S\u1ebd ra sao khi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi b\u1ed9c b\u1ea1ch ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c? C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00f4 c\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra trong t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n nay, khi m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5156,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/C\u00e1o-ph\u00f3-NVV-t\u1ea1-th\u1ebf.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/868"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=868"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/868\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":869,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/868\/revisions\/869"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/5156"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=868"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=868"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=868"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
1 Li\u1ec7t t\u00e2m (institutionalization): m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u1edf l\u00e2u trong c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng d\u00e0i ng\u00e0y trong nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n hay nh\u00e0 t\u00f9. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang th\u00ec c\u00f2n \u0111ang tranh c\u00e3i, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c, th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 th\u1edd \u01a1. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh li\u1ec7t t\u00e2m (institutionalism) (Theo T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc Oxford,<\/em> Nh\u00f3m d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 B\u00f9i Th\u1ebf C\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0110\u1eb7ng Th\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, Tr\u1ecbnh Huy H\u00f3a d\u1ecbch, NXB \u0110H Qu\u1ed1c gia HN)<\/p>\n