{"id":4552,"date":"2019-12-29T12:55:46","date_gmt":"2019-12-29T05:55:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/?p=4552"},"modified":"2024-02-05T00:33:03","modified_gmt":"2024-02-04T17:33:03","slug":"a-life-for-ideas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/?p=4552","title":{"rendered":"A LIFE FOR IDEAS"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4552\" class=\"elementor elementor-4552\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-190b0970 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"190b0970\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\" data-core-v316-plus=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71fad8c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71fad8c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.19.0 - 07-02-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/?p=4527\">B\u00e0i ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/a> <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Th\u01b0a c\u00e1c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n!<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Ng\u00e0y 28 v\u00e0 29 th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai 2019, H\u1ed9i Khoa h\u1ecdc L\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 <strong>\u2018100 n\u0103m ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/strong>\u2018.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Ban  T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng m\u1eddi \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n L\u00e2n B\u00ecnh, nh\u00e2n \ndanh l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7m trang tin chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \nVi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ecdn \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t \ntri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a  ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef. BBT ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c\n  qu\u00fd v\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n, to\u00e0n v\u0103n b\u1ea3n tham lu\u1eadn do \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n L\u00e2n B\u00ecnh tr\u00ecnh\n  b\u00e0y t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>B\u1ea3n tham lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in trong k\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \nBBT ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1edd c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef sang ti\u1ebfng Anh.&nbsp;Do  \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1\n nghi\u1ec7p h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee9  li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed\n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian  g\u1ea5p g\u00e1p, \nn\u00ean ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef ch\u01b0a th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u1eaft  khe c\u1ee7a\n m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt.&nbsp;Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho  c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \nng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf xa qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00edt d\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfng m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb c\u0169ng c\u00f3  th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \n\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y, n\u00ean BBT ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1eabn xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c  m\u1ea1nh d\u1ea1n \ngi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Anh. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t, xin c\u00e1c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb v\u00e0  c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \n\u0111\u1ed9 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng khi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3.Bi\u1ebft \u01a1n T\u1ea1o \nh\u00f3a, Tr\u1eddi, Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Th\u00e1nh th\u1ea7n, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, k\u1ebft th\u00fac \nm\u1ed9t n\u0103m lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, n\u0103m 2019.&nbsp;Xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u1ea3m \u01a1n s\u1ef1 \nquan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n trong n\u0103m qua \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi trang tin \nTannamtu.com!&nbsp;<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eb9n c\u00e1c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2020 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin \nh\u1eefu \u00edch v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a h\u01a1n, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i dung trang tin.K\u00ednh ch\u00fac c\u00e1c \nqu\u00fd v\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3n n\u0103m m\u1edbi vui v\u1ebb, kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh!<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng!<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"align\":\"center\"} -->\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh and his Lifelong Ideal of Propagation<\/strong> <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"align\":\"center\"} -->\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>of the <\/strong><em><strong>qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/strong><\/em><strong> in Early 20<\/strong><sup><strong>th<\/strong><\/sup><strong> Century<\/strong><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"align\":\"right\"} -->\n<p style=\"text-align:right\">Nguy\u1ec5n L\u00e2n B\u00ecnh <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><strong>1. Situation of the <\/strong><em><strong>qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/strong><\/em><strong> in early 19<\/strong><sup><strong>th<\/strong><\/sup><strong> century<\/strong><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Western\nmissionaries who embarked in \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t (Vi\u1ec7t Nam) in the 17<sup>th<\/sup> century\n(circa 1620) found a discrepancy between local language and the borrowed\nChinese writing. They decided to an alphabet based on Latin script to create a\nnew language, called the <em>qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em>. Their\nintial purpose was to make easy their evangelical work.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>This new language has improved\ngradually ever since, mainly through its use in Catholic communities.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Two hundred years from the birth of\nthe <em>qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em> when the French set foot\nin the southern region of Vi\u1ec7t Nam, or \u0110\u00e0ng Trong (Cochichina), in 1858, they found\nit difficult to set up an effective administrative system using French language\nand Chinese ideogram and Vietnamese ideogram alternately (<em>ch\u1eef n\u00f4m<\/em>).<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>In such a situation at the time, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng\nV\u0129nh K\u00fd, or Pestrus K\u00fd born in 1837 by his Christian name, appeared as a great cultural\npersonage in Vietnamese history. He was the first Vietnamese who contributed to\nthe creation of the first official newspaper published in &nbsp;<em>qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef\n<\/em>in Cochichina which had the statute of direct French colonial administration\nas contrasted with the protectorates of the centre (Anam) and north Vi\u1ec7t Nam (Tonkin).<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The birth of the new literature in <em>qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em> in the form of this public\njournal in Cochichina was a new conception to the Centre and the North still\ndominated by Confucian education and the Chinese ideogram.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>P\u00e9trus K\u00fd has left to us 118 works. His publications were\nimportant contribution to the history of the literature in <em>qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em>. Some\nwell-known works: <em>Petit Cours d\u2019histoire\nd\u2019Anam <\/em>(1875, 1877; Handbook of History of Anam); <em>Truy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea5t Nam K\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0110\u00e0ng trong<\/em> (Handbook of the Geography of Lower Cochinchina), and <em>\u0110\u1ea1i Nam<\/em> <em>Vi\u1ec7t qu\u1ed1c tri\u1ec1u s\u1eed k\u00fd<\/em> (1897; History of Dynasties of Great Vi\u1ec7t).<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>K\u00fd\u2019s\nindefatigable efforts in the propagation of the <em>qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em> evoked a controversy which has not yet ended. Today visitors\nto his sepulchre at 520 Tr\u1ea7n H\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1o, district 5, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh City might ask\nthemselves the meaning of a phrase carved in Latin: \u201c<em>Miseremini mei saltem vos acimic mei<\/em>\u201d (Have mercy on me, at least\nmy friends) <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":4526,\"align\":\"center\",\"width\":419,\"height\":559} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/8.-L\u0103ng-m\u1ed9-Petrus-K\u00fd-t\u1ea1i-SG.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4526\" width=\"419\" height=\"559\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/8.-L\u0103ng-m\u1ed9-Petrus-K\u00fd-t\u1ea1i-SG.jpg 500w, https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/8.-L\u0103ng-m\u1ed9-Petrus-K\u00fd-t\u1ea1i-SG-225x300.jpg 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 419px) 100vw, 419px\" \/><figcaption> <em>Khu m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh k\u00fd t\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 520 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Tr\u1ea7n H\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1o, qu\u1eadn 5, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh <\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>It\nwas regrettable that his efforts in the popularization of the <em>qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em> has not yet found today\nwidespread recognition fully as it might be as the way to escape from the recurrent\ndanger of the sinonization. <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>We\ncannot help feel some bitter complaining that he alluded to in his\nautobiological &nbsp;poem <em>in extremis<\/em> titled <em>Cu\u1ed1n s\u1ed5\nb\u00ecnh sanh, <\/em>The Book of my Life: <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u2026 <em>Am I <\/em><em>&nbsp;just a book-worm?\/ All end up in a coffin?<\/em><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>And by using a classical Chinese reference he\ncompared himself to a man serving the dynasty T\u1ea7n but his heart still subject\nto missing the dynasty H\u00e1n.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>This\nirony of fate was associated with a historical period &nbsp;of the nation as a whole! <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The\ndirect rule of the French in Cochichina led to imposition of the <em>qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em>\nas an administrative language. <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>In\n1869, admiral Marie Gustave Hector Ohier signed a decree to promulgate the use\nof the <em>qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em> in offcicial documents aiming at replacing gradually the\nChinese ideogram. The Decree 82, signed in 6<sup>th<\/sup> April 1878 by\nGovernor Lafont to offcially stipulating the qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef as the only and official\nlanguage in transaction in writing, with the entry into effect from 1882.<a href=\"#_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Such\nan imposition was not a natural process to bring fort a social change of the\nwriting system. The <em>qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em> did not spread, proliferated. It did not progated\ninto the centre of Vi\u1ec7t Nam still under the nominal authority of the Hu\u1ebf Court\nto say nothing of the far Tonkin.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Newspapers\nand publications printed in <em>qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em> did not appear until late 19\ncentury! &nbsp;<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><strong>2.\nTonkin in the beginning of the 20<sup>th<\/sup> Century and Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh<\/strong><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Th\u00e1i\nPh\u1ec9 (Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c Phong), director <em>Tin V\u0103n <\/em>(Literary News) had an\ninterview in 28<sup>th<\/sup> July 1935 with Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh as foundator of the\nfirst newspaper in <em>qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em> in Tonkin &nbsp;(1907). This interview was published in a\nseries of 9 numbers in <em>Tin V\u0103n<\/em>.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Nguy\u1ec5n\nV\u0103n V\u0129nh t\u00e2m confided:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u201c<em>I\nam mainly an autodidact. But, I have to acknowledge that my old teacher of\nChinese ideogram, Phan-h\u1eefu-\u0110\u1ea1i, has exerced much influence on me. Honestly speaking,\nhe is a Vietnamese sage \u2026<\/em><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><em>\u2026 Many Confucian scholars, his\ncontemporaries, I have to emphasize this, have started to read books they\ncalled \u201cnew books\u201d, of Khang h\u1eefu Vi, L\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u1ea3i Si\u00eau, for example, and they\nwere already influenced with certain ideas associated with popular rights. Old Phan\nh\u1eefu-\u0110\u1ea1i has had his own ideas. I have shared with him certain ideas when I\nbegan my career in journalism. But he liked to read French history and prefered\nVietnamese translations. <\/em><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><em>To please him, I chose a\nFrench book about History, translated it and read for him. The idea of\ntranslating Western books occurred to my mind since. But, long before that day,\nwhen I was 17 or 18 years old, with an encouragement of my colleague, Mr. Nguy\u1ec5n\nD\u1ef1c V\u0103n, a petty clerk in the provincial administration of B\u1eafc Ninh, I already\ndared to translate Rousseau\u2019s \u201cContrat social\u201d and Montesquieu\u2019 s \u201cEsprit de\nloi\u201d. He had read these books translated in Chinese so he made a confrontation\nof the two translations. We browsed two translations and discussed if some\nthings was found which we were not sure which translation was correct. I gained\na critical mind. After that I began to translate the first volume of&nbsp; \u201cTrait\u00e9 de l\u2019Esprit\u201d by Helv\u00e9tius. It was in\n1905, I think<\/em>\u201d.<a href=\"#_ftn2\">[2]<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":4531,\"align\":\"center\",\"width\":349,\"height\":473} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/5-A.-B\u00e1o-TIN-V\u0102N-1935.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4531\" width=\"349\" height=\"473\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/5-A.-B\u00e1o-TIN-V\u0102N-1935.jpg 236w, https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/5-A.-B\u00e1o-TIN-V\u0102N-1935-221x300.jpg 221w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 349px) 100vw, 349px\" \/><figcaption> <em>B\u00e1o Tin V\u0103n n\u0103m 1935<\/em> <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Nguy\u1ec5n\nV\u0103n V\u0129nh began his career of interpretation at 15 years of age in Lao Cai in\n1897, then he moved to H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng (1898 &#8211; 1903). During the periods he worked in\nthese provincial and municipal administration he had a chance to familiarize\nwith French culture. <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>In\nthis culture milieu he had opportunity to read French authors and gained\nknowlegde, by self-teaching, about advanced ideas of philosophy, science, and\nculture such as human rights, freedom of press.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>It\nwas not without reason that in 1907 the well-known patriot Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh (1872\n&#8211; 1926) came to see Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh at his house at 39 M\u00e3 M\u00e2y, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, in order\nto express in person his admiration and recognition toward Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh for\nhis translation of the Petition for social reform, written in Chinese ideogram\nby Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u, into French language (Lettre de Phan Chu Trinh au gouverneur\ng\u00e9n\u00e9ral en 1906: Letter of Phan Chau Trinh to the Governor-General).<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Nguy\u1ec5n\nV\u0103n V\u0129nh was sent to Marseille in 1906 in the framework of the Colonial\nExposition. He made for the first time contact with the press and printing\nindustry. This personal experience prompted him, as a twist of fate, to turn to\nthe road of the press and cultural activities. <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":4530,\"align\":\"center\"} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"485\" src=\"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/3.-Nguy\u1ec5n-V\u0103n-V\u0129nh-t\u1ea1i-H\u1ed9i-ch\u1ee3-thu\u1ed9c-\u0111\u1ecba-M\u00e1c-X\u00e2y-1906.jpg.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4530\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/3.-Nguy\u1ec5n-V\u0103n-V\u0129nh-t\u1ea1i-H\u1ed9i-ch\u1ee3-thu\u1ed9c-\u0111\u1ecba-M\u00e1c-X\u00e2y-1906.jpg.jpg 700w, https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/3.-Nguy\u1ec5n-V\u0103n-V\u0129nh-t\u1ea1i-H\u1ed9i-ch\u1ee3-thu\u1ed9c-\u0111\u1ecba-M\u00e1c-X\u00e2y-1906.jpg-300x208.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><figcaption> <em>Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u2018ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9i m\u0169 ph\u1edbt tr\u1eafng\u2019 v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng t\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee3 M\u00e1c X\u00e2y 1906<\/em> <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Nguy\u1ec5n\nV\u0103n V\u0129nh focused on the <em>qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em> as a vehicle of transmission of\nknowledge, and as a tool to enlighten the people and nurture the nation\u2019s vital\nforce. Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh lamented on the situation of the use of <em>qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em>:\n<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u201c<em>The\nqu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef was ackowledged as official administrative language since long time, <\/em>[Admiral\nMarie Gustave Hector Ohier signed a decree in 1869], <em>but it was almost\nabandoned. Because many Confucian scholars were never curing themselves of the\nnostalgia of the <\/em>&nbsp;<em>aged-old\ntradition of the<\/em> <em>Chinese classical characters<\/em> <em>\u2026They defensed the\nChinese ideograms and praised its linguistic power. But I think linguistic power\nresides in its exxploitation and usage\u2026 And there are also people who have had\nthe cult of Confucianism, so they have good reason to saveguard the Chinese\nideogram. But it would be much better if the common people could read texts\ntranslated into qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef; otherwise had only learned people who know the\nChinese ideograms could read Chinese ideograms<\/em>\u201d.<a href=\"#_ftn3\">[3]<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Nguy\u1ec5n\nV\u0103n V\u0129nh saw opportunities of the press as the best way to promote the <em>qu\u1ed1c\nng\u1eef<\/em>. He shared his bold ideas with his close friend Ph\u1ea1m Duy T\u1ed1n in one\nletter from Marseille ng\u00e0y dated June 27, 1906 that he would devote to social\nreform through the propagation of the qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef by way of the press:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u201c\u2026\n<em>we Vietnamese are very obstinate. It is not easy to raise the level of their\nculture. We are not willing to acknowdge that our nation is far inferior to\nother peoples. Anyway, acknowledge one\u2019s weakness is not a shame! \u2026 It would be\na great pleasure to think that I will be the first man who will do this. My\nparents, my family, all must fade out to leave room to this most wonderful\nidea\u2026\u201d<\/em><a href=\"#_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><strong>3.\nNguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh and his cultural Activities <\/strong><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Late\nin 1906, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh came back from France. He was firmly believed that the\npress would be the most efficient means, and an interesting means, to demonstrate\nto the people how easy to learn the new national language based on Latin\nalphabet!<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>He\nunderstood their condition under which they had to live under an administrative\nsystem of the protectorate with nominal authority of a feodal court. <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>To\nhelp them realize this by way of the values of progressive theories brought in\nthe country by their oppressors. Vietnamese people had to master their own\nlanguage. &nbsp;<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>He\nchose a different way from many other revolutionaries of the time who were\nupholding the banner of political reforms, but, ironically, such exhortations\nwere written in Chinese ideograms! <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>His\nstrategy was also different. It was a peaceful and cultural struggle as\ncontrasted with many rightist revolutionaries who had violent options or armed\nstruggle.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh, umbued with the ideas of the French Revolution, understood its radicalism. He wrote a book in <em>qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em> to exhort cultural and political awareness, which titled \u201cVIETNAMESE PEOPLE\u2019S MEANS and POPULAR RIGHTS\u201d &#8211; \u201c <em>A people do know their rights will lead undignified life<\/em> \u201d.<a href=\"#_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":4533,\"align\":\"center\",\"width\":437,\"height\":716} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/7.-D\u00e2n-\u0111\u1ea1o-v\u00e0-D\u00e2n-quy\u1ec1n-c\u1ee7a-NVV-625x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4533\" width=\"437\" height=\"716\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/7.-D\u00e2n-\u0111\u1ea1o-v\u00e0-D\u00e2n-quy\u1ec1n-c\u1ee7a-NVV-625x1024.jpg 625w, https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/7.-D\u00e2n-\u0111\u1ea1o-v\u00e0-D\u00e2n-quy\u1ec1n-c\u1ee7a-NVV-183x300.jpg 183w, https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/7.-D\u00e2n-\u0111\u1ea1o-v\u00e0-D\u00e2n-quy\u1ec1n-c\u1ee7a-NVV-768x1259.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/7.-D\u00e2n-\u0111\u1ea1o-v\u00e0-D\u00e2n-quy\u1ec1n-c\u1ee7a-NVV.jpg 1152w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 437px) 100vw, 437px\" \/><figcaption> <em>Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch D\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 D\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n <\/em> <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>But\nwhat can he do without the <em>qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em> and the press?! <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>He\nhad to suffer murmur in his ears and contemps on the part of those who\nbenefited from the system. They derided: <em>Vietnamese language based on Latin\nalphabet is a product of foreign aggressors \u2026!<\/em><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Nguy\u1ec5n\nV\u0103n V\u0129nh, like Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh, understood very well the masses and their\ninertia, their weak-mindedness, and self-interest. They affimed that learning\nthe <em>qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em> would be best suited to a poverty-stricken people.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>In\nthe preface to <em>Tam qu\u1ed1c ch\u00ed di\u1ec5n ngh\u0129a <\/em>(Three Kindoms), which he\nco-translated with Phan K\u1ebf B\u00ednh (1875 &#8211; 1921) from Chinese ideograms into <em>qu\u1ed1c\nng\u1eef,<\/em> published in 1909 in H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, he praised the<em> qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef <\/em>in these\nterms:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u201c<em>That\nhappiness, that good omen for the destiny of the posterior generations of Eternal\nVi\u1ec7t Nam depend on the qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef. What a beautiful alphabets! How easy to read!\nWith 23 letters, 5 tones of our national language we can write as much as we\nwish \u2026<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>He\nexhort people to learn the <em>qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em> in an issue dated March 28, 1907 of <em>\u0110\u0103ng\nC\u1ed5 T\u00f9ng B\u00e1o<\/em>:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u201c<em>Just\na few days for a smart person to learn, in one month in maximum for the\nslow-witted<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>He\nwrote:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u201c<em>Any\ncoutry called civilized has had a written language of its own. Civilization\nderives from this. Texts are mobile and can be moved to any reader in the country<\/em>\u201d.<a href=\"#_ftn6\">[6]<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>In\n1907, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh, aged 25, decided to resign from his post in the\nadministration Office in Hanoi and devoted himself to a liberal career:\njournalism and publishing.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>His\nultimate goal was aiming at popularizing the <em>qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef,<\/em> raising the level\nof knowledge, and changing the destiny of the whole nation. <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>He\ndenounced monarchic ideology of the rule of man \u201csuzerain-people\u201d (Vua &#8211; T\u00f4i)!<a href=\"#_ftn7\">[7]<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Nguy\u1ec5n\nV\u0103n V\u0129nh established the first printery in H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. Starting from nought, and in\na country under colonial rule, he had to cooperate with Fran\u00e7ois Henry\nSchneider(1831 &#8211; 1929), a French of Germain origin. Schneider was an\nexpert in printing and publishing. He had been in Cochichina since 1882 and had\nobtained contracts signed with French Navy. <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Schneiderhadalso cooperated with <em>&nbsp;<\/em>Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng\nV\u0129nh K\u00fd and Hu\u1ef3nh T\u1ecbnh C\u1ee7a (1830 &#8211; 1908), on a personal basis though, but their\ncooperation failed. Until Schneider met Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh he had to renew the\nsigned contract six times.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>In\nthe quality of a an advocate of the \u201cnew books\u201d (exposure to Chinese reformist\nliterature), Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh had relationship, before and after the birth\nof&nbsp; \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh Ngh\u0129a Th\u1ee5c (1907), School\nof the East Capital for the Just Cause (Free School), with many great reformist\nscholars such as Phan K\u1ebf B\u00ednh, D\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00e1 Tr\u1ea1c (1884 &#8211; 1944), Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ed7 M\u1ee5c (1882\n&#8211; 1951), Ho\u00e0ng T\u0103ng B\u00ed (1883 &#8211; 1939), Ph\u1ea1m Duy T\u1ed1n (1881 &#8211; 1924), and Tr\u1ea7n\nTr\u1ecdng Kim (1883 \u2013 1953). <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh established <em>\u0110\u0103ng C\u1ed5 T\u00f9ng B\u00e1o<\/em>, the first periodical in Tonkin in 1907 in connection with a call for social reform from patriotic scholars in combination with a demand for a reform of the educational system as insisted on by the Governor-General Paul Beau (1857 &#8211; 1927).<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The\nperiodical was an efficient means of communication. It was as if a cultural\nvehicle beneffiting both sides. Schneider needed to finalize the contract his\nhad signed and Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh wanted to popularize the new writing language to\nhis compatriots. He only contribution was intellectual and all his devotion to\nthe culture. <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>He\nsaw the periodical as an opportunity to call for and exhort the usage and\nperfection of the qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef. He acted without self-interest, with all his\nidealistic&nbsp; (see The Anamite must write\nin Anamite\u2019s language: <em>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Annam n\u00ean vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef Annam<\/em><a href=\"#_ftn8\">[8]<\/a>. <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>School\nof the East Capital for the Just Cause, <em>\u0110\u00f4ng Kinh Ngh\u0129a Th\u1ee5c<\/em>, was a\nschool welcoming the general population. Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh believed that the new\nwriting language would some day attractive enough to replace gradually the\nChinese ideograms without recourse to legal imposition. <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>But,\nironically, this turned out to be a pretext for the conservatist to brand\nNguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh\u2019s exxhortation of the <em>qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em> as cause of the\ndisruption of the cultural trandition of the H\u00e1n ideograms and the N\u00f4m.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><strong>4.\nNguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh\u2019s Strategy of the Popularization of the <em>qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Nguy\u1ec5n\nV\u0103n V\u0129nh set up a long-term strategy. He was the first to bring in the concept\nof the press in Vi\u1ec7t Nam. His strategy was set out in &nbsp;<em>\u0110\u0103ng C\u1ed5 T\u00f9ng B\u00e1o <\/em>(1907) inclduding:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} -->\n<ol><li>This newspaper will publish articles\nin vietnamese language, focusing on the modernization in all fields: culture,\neducation, commerce, politics, sciences. It will use a simple and plain writing\nstyle with a view to heightening the cultural standard of the people (<strong><em>khai d\u00e2n tr\u00ed<\/em><\/strong>).<\/li><\/ol>\n<!-- \/wp:list -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>2.\nThis newspaper will act as an organ of public speech of School of the East\nCapital for the Just Cause (Free School), focusing on top social issues and reformist\nideas of some prominents scholars. The French quickly grew suspicious the\nSchool\u2019s syllabus and the eruption of this movement of the strengthening of the\npeople\u2019s spirit (<strong><em>ch\u1ea5n d\u00e2n kh\u00ed<\/em>)<\/strong><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>3.\nTo point out the demand by the people for the French to change their policies\nand&nbsp; through translations of western\nbooks to promoting westernized education and increase the people\u2019s level of\nstandard living (<strong><em>h\u1eadu d\u00e2n sinh)<\/em>. <\/strong><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>4.\nPublish administrative notices and regulations as promulgated by the French,\nincluding regulations regarding the press and publishing activities.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>5.\nPublish translations of French literature (La Fontaine\u2019s Fables\u2026). To act as \u201c<em>a\nbridge between French culture and Vietnamese culture<\/em>\u201d.<a href=\"#_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":4524,\"align\":\"center\",\"width\":539,\"height\":383} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/posterNVVinh-1-1024x729.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4524\" width=\"539\" height=\"383\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/posterNVVinh-1-1024x729.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/posterNVVinh-1-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/posterNVVinh-1-768x547.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/posterNVVinh-1.jpg 1159w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 539px) 100vw, 539px\" \/><figcaption> <em>\u00c1p ph\u00edch c\u1ee7a Francophonie v\u1edbi l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Abdou Diouf 2008<\/em> <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>But,\nNguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh aimed at much higher goal. He wanted to exploit the capacity of\nthe national language to write prose, paving the foundation for the formation\nof the New Poem (Th\u01a1 M\u1edbi) and the literature in <em>qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em>,&nbsp; and in the same time to introduce and summarize\nwestern literature to suit to the mentality of the general population.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><em>\u0110\u0103ng C\u1ed5 T\u00f9ng B\u00e1o<\/em>\nwas the first powerful step of the nascent literature in <em>qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef. <\/em>It\npromoted popular rights and the alternative to the use of vilolence in changing\nthe society. No doubts, <em>\u0110\u0103ng C\u1ed5 T\u00f9ng B\u00e1o <\/em>deemed to be a threat to the &nbsp;colonial rule with nominal authority of a\nfeudalistic court.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The\nSecretary-General of L\u2019Association nationale de la progagation de la langue\nfran\u00e7aise (186\nBlv. Saint Germain, Paris) said about the\nrelationship of Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh and Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh in his letter dated October\n3, 1911 sent to &nbsp;Mr. the General Resident\nPaul Bertin Tonkin as follows (extrait):<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u201c<em>It\nwas not a coincidence that <\/em><em>both Phan Chu Trinh and\nNguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh mentioned the Philippine revolutionary leader Aguinaldo in The\nFree School\u2019s syllabus in 1907\u2026<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>After\nthe Free School had to close its doors suddenly, <em>\u0110\u0103ng C\u1ed5 T\u00f9ng B\u00e1o<\/em>, the\nfirst child of journalism in Tonkin and Anam had its licence to publish in\nVietnamese be withdrawn in 1907.<a href=\"#_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>In\n1908, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh and F.H. Schneider found two journals in French, <em>Notre Journal <\/em>(Our Journal) and <em>Notre\nRevue <\/em>(Our Review). Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh presented, for the first time, in these\njournals the Perfume Pagoda (Ch\u00f9a H\u01b0\u01a1ng) and The Tale of Ki\u1ec1u, one\nrepresentative of the tangible culture and the other of intangible culture of\nVietnamese people. <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>In 1911, F.H.Schneider sent\nNguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh to S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, possibly to assist <em>L\u1ee5c T\u1ec9nh T\u00e2n V\u0103n <\/em>(New Literature of Six Provinces), the first\njournal in Vietnamese language which Schneider created in 1907.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh was un\nuncompromising man. He turned to translating activities. He chose to translate\ngreat works of the West. He saw this as a way to improve on Vietnamese language\nboth in syntax and prosing principles.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>In 1912, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh requested\nto pay visit to The Ministry of Education Cao Xu\u00e2n D\u1ee5c (1843-1823) at Hu\u1ebf\nCourt. This high-ranking of old trandition of Confician culture was hard to\npersuade of replacing Chinese ideograms by the <em>qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em> as offcial national language. Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh donated a\ncopy of <em>C\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em> (How to\nlearn qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef).<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Nguy\u1ec5n\nV\u0103n V\u0129nh was strongly moved when he heard that minister Cao Xu\u00e2n D\u1ee5c had\ndelivered at speech written in <em>qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em> at the graduation ceremony of tr\u01b0\u1eddng\nQu\u1ed1c T\u1eed Gi\u00e1m in Hu\u1ebf (The School for the Children of the Nation) on June 22,\n1913 ng\u00e0y 22\/6\/1913 (extrait):<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u201c<em>It\nis a great pleasure today for a minister of Education to deliver a speech in\nqu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef at the greatest school of the country. It is as if a missionary on his\npreaching tour around the country has recruited on behalf of God a great and\nnoble faithful<\/em>\u201d.<a href=\"#_ftn11\">[11]<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>During this period Tonkin\nand Anam saw serious events stirring violence. The most typical was the\nresurrection led by Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh and Phan\nCh\u00e2u Trinh, on the contrary, had advocated a non-violent path. They saw the\ndrawing the people into violent struggle unjustified in the then context of\nVi\u1ec7t Nam. Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh himself had witnessed the \u201cSave King\u201d movement\ncrumbled in 1895 (Phong tr\u00e0o C\u1ea7n V\u01b0\u01a1ng), said:&nbsp;\u201c<em>Vietnamese people already chose armed struggle against the French and\nit was harshly and bloodily repressed\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Nguy\u1ec5n\nV\u0103n V\u0129nh wished to follow a road of peaceful cultural renovation and\nmodernization of knowledge.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The\nFrench administration had to realize thay illeteracy was a barrier to their\nrule. This prompted them to have allowed a journal in Vietnamese language be\ncreated in 1913: <em>\u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed <\/em>(Indochina Journal). Their intention\nwas to &nbsp;balancing social mentality.<a href=\"#_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>This\njournal was founded, on the spur of the situation, benefited both the ruler and\nthe ruled. Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh had an opportunity once again to become director of <em>\u0110\u00f4ng\nD\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed<\/em>.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u201c\u2026\n<em>\u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed&nbsp;has made considerable contributions to the\npopularization of the Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef to the general population and the change in\nprosing and writing. &nbsp;The journal also\npropagated Western ideas through translations and studies of Oriental\nliterature from a new spirit. Especially, the journal had made major contribution\nto the modernization of the literature in the first 30 years of the &nbsp;XX century\u2026<\/em>\u201d.<a href=\"#_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>In\n1917, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh became the director of <em>Trung B\u1eafc T\u00e2n V\u0103n<\/em> (Anam and\nTonkin New Literature), the first daily newspaper in Vietnamese language in the\nhistory of Vietanamese press and publishing<a href=\"#_ftn14\">[14]<\/a>. Nguy\u1ec5n\nV\u0103n V\u0129nh, in this newspaper, called for the learning of Western logical\nthinking, which was quite new to the Vietnamese people.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>In\n1919, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh created <em>H\u1ecdc B\u00e1o <\/em>(Journal for Self-Learning) the\nfirst &nbsp;pedagogical journal in the history\nof Vietnamese press and publishing. <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Also\nin 1919, The Nguy\u1ec5n Court at Hu\u1ebf officially abolished the old system of\nmandarinal contests of \u201cthi h\u1ed9i\u201d (a triennal contest) and \u201cthi \u0111\u00ecnh\u201d (the Court\ncontest), paving the way for the modernized system of education using the Qu\u1ed1c\nng\u1eef.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>To\nmake something in lieu of a gift to himself, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh has had made some\nfurnitures and had nacre-carved on a pair of divan with texts drawn from La\nFontaine\u2019s Fables: <em>The Wolf and the Stock<\/em> <em>&nbsp;<\/em>and <em>The Wolf and the Dog<\/em>.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The\ndivans belong to grand-children of Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh. <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":4534,\"align\":\"center\",\"width\":560,\"height\":358} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/17.-Gh\u1ebf-tr\u00e0ng-k\u1ef7-1919.-2-1024x656.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4534\" width=\"560\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/17.-Gh\u1ebf-tr\u00e0ng-k\u1ef7-1919.-2-1024x656.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/17.-Gh\u1ebf-tr\u00e0ng-k\u1ef7-1919.-2-300x192.jpg 300w, https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/17.-Gh\u1ebf-tr\u00e0ng-k\u1ef7-1919.-2-768x492.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\" \/><figcaption> <em>B\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfc gh\u1ebf tr\u00e0ng k\u1ef7  \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh l\u00e0m n\u0103m  1919<\/em> <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><strong>5.\nAfter 1919<\/strong><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Governor-General\nof Indochina Merlin signed a decree dated September 18, 1924 to officially stipulate\nthe <em>qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em> be taught in primary schools in the whole country. Nguy\u1ec5n\nV\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 with the support of E. Vayrac (Chief of &nbsp;the Office of Indigenous Affairs) created in\n1926 a center of publishing and propagation of reading culture, <em>La pens\u00e9e de\nl\u2019Occident<\/em> (The Thought of the West) in Hanoi.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>During\nthe time he worked in this center he made a list of 20 books and he would\ntranslate them in the next 20 years. <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>In\n1927, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh succeed in removating the <em>qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em> following the\nprinciple oo = \u00f4, aa = \u00e2, ow = \u01a1\u2026 This renovation is still in use in\ntelegraphics today.<a href=\"#_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Nguy\u1ec5n\nV\u0103n V\u0129nh was always committed to the ideal of democracy, freedom of press and\nequality. This was a reason why the French seemed to see that his activities\nwere not benefitting the administration.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>In\n1930, ironically, after a long period the French failed to persuade or draw him\nto within the design of the administration, they withdrawed his licence to\nwrite in Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>In1931,\nNguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh decided to created a journal of his own. The journal was\npublished in French, <em>L\u2019Annam Nouveau <\/em>(N\u01b0\u1edbc Nam m\u1edbi). The first issue\nappeared on 21<sup>st<\/sup> January, 1931.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Although\nthe journal was published in French and it was born out of a political conflict\nbetween Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh and the French, it had rublic reserved to the &nbsp;<em>qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em>.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>In\nthe issue Nr.100, dated 10\/1\/1932, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh wrote an article: Pour un\nvocabulaire uniforme \u00e0 l\u2019usage des journaux indig\u00e8nes (For an unified\nvocabulary for use in indigenous journal). From isssue 115 &#8211; 118, he had <em>Ch\u1eef\nQu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi<\/em> (Le Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef modifi\u00e9: the renovated <em>qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em>). In\nissue 146 \u00f2 24\/6\/1932, he had an article on standard use of Vietnamese\nlanguage: <em>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng l\u01b0u \u00fd khi h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng An Nam<\/em> <strong>(<\/strong>Notes pour un cours d\u2019Annamite: Notes on a Course of Vietnamese\nLanguage.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The\nadministration could not extinguish V\u0129nh\u2019s love for the Vietnamese language and\nthe self-esteemof the Vietanmese race. He often called himself : WE THE RUSTIC\nPEOPLE \u2026<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Nguy\u1ec5n\nV\u0103n V\u0129nh never said he was \u201csomething\u201d! <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><em>L\u2019Annam Nouveau <\/em>was\nawarded Grand Prix at the International Fair of the Press in colonized\ncountries in Paris in 1932.<a href=\"#_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":4535,\"align\":\"center\",\"width\":468,\"height\":617} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/20-A.-B\u00e1o-LANAM-Nouveau..png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4535\" width=\"468\" height=\"617\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/20-A.-B\u00e1o-LANAM-Nouveau..png 706w, https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/20-A.-B\u00e1o-LANAM-Nouveau.-227x300.png 227w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 468px) 100vw, 468px\" \/><figcaption> <em>B\u00e1o L\u2019Annam Nouveau<\/em> <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>In\n1930, the colonial administration had no patience with an excellent and\npatriotic student of French civilization. To break his pen, the French demanded\nhim to pay a debt to Indochina Bank. His possessions were confiscated. He had\nto choose either to be in jail or to go to Laos to seek for gold to pay debt to\nIndochina Bank.&nbsp; <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>After\nmore than one month in jungle and on one night he was found died, alone in a\nsmall boat on Sebanhieng River, during a violent storm still holding in his\nhand a fountain pen and a note-book \u2026 It was on May 1, 1936. &nbsp;<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>On\n2\/5\/1936, the authorities made a public notice: Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh died of malaria\nfever and dysentery\u2026.!!!<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":4525,\"align\":\"center\",\"width\":553,\"height\":449} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/01.-Tranh-c\u1ee7a-Nguy\u1ec5n-\u0110\u00ecnh-\u0110\u0103ng..jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4525\" width=\"553\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/01.-Tranh-c\u1ee7a-Nguy\u1ec5n-\u0110\u00ecnh-\u0110\u0103ng..jpg 983w, https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/01.-Tranh-c\u1ee7a-Nguy\u1ec5n-\u0110\u00ecnh-\u0110\u0103ng.-300x244.jpg 300w, https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/01.-Tranh-c\u1ee7a-Nguy\u1ec5n-\u0110\u00ecnh-\u0110\u0103ng.-768x624.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 553px) 100vw, 553px\" \/><figcaption> <em>B\u1ee9c tranh \u2018S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef\u2019 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecda s\u0129 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh \u0110\u0103ng<\/em> <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"align\":\"left\"} -->\n<p style=\"text-align:left\">Dear Participants!<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>I\nmust acknowledge that I have no competent knowledge enough to judge the true\nmerits of Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh to the <em>qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em>.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>For\nus his Family, the legacy Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh left to the literature in <em>qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em>\nwill be for the future of knowledge of the Vietnamese race and for the building\nof an advanced country, and the high level of intellectual development of the\npeople.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>With\nan retrospective review of the attitudes of the political regimes since the\nfeudalistic court Nguy\u1ec5n to the colonial administration to the State of the\nproletariat, with exception of the Republic of Vietnam in the South, one can\nsee cruel and persistent stereotyped and biased judgements and evaluation of\nhis merits and dismerits.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Nguy\u1ec5n\nV\u0103n V\u0129nh refused to be conferred a golden medal by King Kh\u1ea3i \u0110\u1ecbnh in1918, turned\naway from a proposal of nomination to be a minister in 1932 and refused to\naccept the award of la L\u00e9gion d\u2019Honeur of the French government in 1932, and &nbsp;ended up in a death with doubtful reason on\nSebanhieng River in 1936. &nbsp;Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n\nV\u0129nh is an idealistic man. At age of 24 he wrote in a letter dated June 27,\n1906 from Marseille:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u201c\u2026\n<em>I rejoyce myself with the idea that I will the first man to do this in order\nto create a better future. My parents, my family, all must fade out to leave\nroom to this most wonderful idea Cha m\u1eb9, anh em, v\u1ee3 con, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u phai nh\u00f2a\ntr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho m\u1ed9t l\u00f2ng vui th\u00edch \u00eam \u00e1i nh\u1ea5t\u2026<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>HISTORY\nwill not turn its back to the merits, sacrifice of a man who worked in a\ndignified manner and not for fame or self-interest. <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>I\nwould like to mention again some comments and evaluations of Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh in\nthe past and today:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u201c<em>Translating\nworks of Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas, Lafontaine into other language is a\ndifficult job. And would be almost unthinkable how a man can translate such\nworks into Vietnamese language, a monosyllabic language and newly created and\nas yet undevelopped. <\/em><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><em>Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh has done\nsuch a wonderful job. He had to build up a writing language to replace\ngradually the N\u00f4m which was considered to be a language of a Chinese minority..\n<\/em><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><em>Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh was really a\nlinguistic \u201cgoldsmith\u201d. A patient worker of language. He ginded, he polished,\nand made it flowery, glittering, and reflecting all colours of the sunshine <\/em>\u201d.<a href=\"#_ftn17\">[17]<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u201c<em>We\nhave to content ourselves with saying that he has written very much, both in\nVietnamese and in French, about the need to unify and systemize the\northography, syntax in order to enhance its efficiency and effectiveness. He\nhas promoted and exhorted the standardization of Vietnamese language in\nschools. He has wanted to find the origins and clear meaning of words,\nespecially borrowed word from Chinese ideograms. He was very prudent when he\nwrote about pronunciation, transcription of sounds, and modifications\napplicable to translation from French and Chinese into Vietamese.<\/em><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u2026\n<em>He was an advocate early for learning of Vietnamese language by French\npeople. According to Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh, education must be mutual, between one\npeople an another, and must be a top priority in the plan to create an accord\nof the French and the Vietnamese, despite of the deep gap of races and ethnies,\nwhich he in fact &nbsp;experienced by himself<\/em>\u201d.<a href=\"#_ftn18\">[18]<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u201c<em>&#8230;\nThus, his devotion to the development of the qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef alone will suffice to\nreveal all the worth of a man who has made more contribution than any other in\norder to make that writing language a permannet intellectual achievement of\nhuman beings<\/em>\u201d.<a href=\"#_ftn19\">[19]<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>In\nthe documentary made in memory of Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh, <em>M\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e0m v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Man Di\nhi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i <\/em>(2007), historian Phan Huy L\u00ea (1932 &#8211; 2018), President of\nVietnamese Association of Historical Science has this comment: <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>\u201c<em>In my opinion, the greatest contribution of Nguy\u1ec5n\nV\u0103n V\u0129nh is his thought, he and Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh are the first democratic\nthinkers of &nbsp;Vi\u1ec7t Nam. They have received\nearly democratic thought of the West. Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh has mobilized the\ndemocratic thought to penetrate into Vi\u1ec7t Nam, but Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh had it\npenetrate deep farther into the heart of men<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":4532,\"align\":\"center\",\"width\":554,\"height\":376} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/071-copy-1024x696.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4532\" width=\"554\" height=\"376\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/071-copy-1024x696.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/071-copy-300x204.jpg 300w, https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/071-copy-768x522.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/071-copy.jpg 1378w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 554px) 100vw, 554px\" \/><figcaption> <em>\u0110o\u00e0n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ee5c m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng trong \u0111\u00e1m tang Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh ng\u00e0y 8\/5\/1936 t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i<\/em> <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>I\nwould like to thank the organizer of the Workshop for me to have opportunity to\nspeak! <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>I\nwish all success for the project to honor the <em>Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em>, a real pride of\neach Vietnamese! <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><strong>N.L.B.<\/strong><br><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:separator -->\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n<!-- \/wp:separator -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> Phan Tr\u1ecdng\nB\u00e1u,<em> Educational System of Vi\u1ec7t Nam in modern Times <\/em>(H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i: Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3\nh\u1ed9i, 2006), p. 51-52.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> \u201cOne Hour\nwith Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh\u201d,<em> Tin V\u0103n<\/em>, 28\/7\/1935.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a> \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi An\nNam n\u00ean vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef An Nam\u201d (Anamites should learn to write in , <em>\u0110\u0103ng C\u1ed5 T\u00f9ng\nB\u00e1o,<\/em> 28\/3\/1907.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a> V\u0169 B\u1eb1ng,\n\u201cTr\u00edch nh\u1eadt k\u00fd Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh\u201d, <em>Trung B\u1eafc Ch\u1ee7 Nh\u1eadt, <\/em>t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 7\/5 \u0111\u1ebfn\n11\/6\/1944 \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a> Nh\u00e0 in X\u01b0a &#8211;\nNay, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, 1925.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a> Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a\nNguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh t\u1ea1i bu\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp H\u1ed9i d\u1ecbch s\u00e1ch \u1edf H\u1ed9i Qu\u00e1n Tr\u00ed Tri s\u1ed1 59 (nay\nl\u00e0 47) ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0ng Qu\u1ea1t, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 4\/8\/1907. <em>\u0110\u0103ng C\u1ed5 T\u00f9ng B\u00e1o<\/em>, s\u1ed1 ra ng\u00e0y 15\nv\u00e0 22\/8\/1907.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a> L\u1eddi khai c\u1ee7a\nNguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u01a1 quan an ninh Ph\u1ee7 To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng,(CAOM,\nm\u00e3 s\u1ed1 SPCE 374).<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a> (\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1\nc\u1ee7a Abdou DIOUF, T\u1ed5ng Th\u01b0 k\u00fd H\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p ng\u1eef &#8211; Francophonie 2008).<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\"><sup>[9]<\/sup><\/a> Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy (1869 &#8211; 1964), nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, T\u1ed5ng\nth\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Philippines 1899 -1901). Nguy\u1ec5n Nh\u01b0 Phong d\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><sup>1\n<\/sup>K\u1ebft \u00e1n\nc\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh trong th\u01b0 g\u1eedi \u0110\u1ed1c l\u00fd H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i Hauser ng\u00e0y 11\/12\/1907(CAOM\n&#8211; Aix Provence), Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch: \u0110\u00e0o B\u00e1 Cung<em>.<\/em><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a> \u201cQu\u1ed1c-ng\u1eef\nnguy\u00ean hu\u00e2n \/Le Triomphe du Qu\u1ed1c-ng\u1eef\u201d. <em>\u0110\u0103ng C\u1ed5 T\u00f9ng B\u00e1o<\/em>, 1913. <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a> \u201c\u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng\nT\u1ea1p ch\u00ed t\u1edd b\u00e1o ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i\u201d. <em>V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ngh\u1ec7 An<\/em>,\n9\/3\/2017<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a> <em>V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ngh\u1ec7 <\/em>An, 9\/3\/2017.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a> <em>B\u00e1o ch\u00ed H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 1905 -2000, <\/em>(H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i: Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia, 2004), 480.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a> T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed <em>B\u01b0u\n\u0111i\u1ec7n Vi\u1ec7t nam<\/em>, s\u1ed1 th\u00e1ng 11\/2011.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a> <em>L\u2019Annam Nouveau,<\/em> s\u1ed1 190 ng\u00e0y 24\/11\/1932.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a> Tr\u00edch \u0111i\u1ebfu\nv\u0103n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Delmas,Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch\nH\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, t\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 tang Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh ng\u00e0y 8\/5\/1936 \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i.\nNg\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch: Nguy\u1ec5n K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a> Tr\u00edch b\u00e0i\nvi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi Man Di hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i\u201dc\u1ee7a GS. Christopher E. Goscha, gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean khoa\n\u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ecdc, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Montreal (Canada), <em>RFHOM<\/em>,T.88, s\u1ed1 332-333, 2001. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch: \u0110\u00e0o H\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\">[19]<\/a> Tr\u00edch t\u1eeb b\u00e0i\nvi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p \u201cS\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh\u201d, c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n T\u1ed1 (1889 &#8211;\n1947), T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed c\u1ee7aH\u1ed9i T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh, s\u1ed1 1 v\u00e0 2, in n\u0103m\n1936 \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch: Ph\u1ea1m To\u00e0n.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><br><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:separator -->\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n<!-- \/wp:separator -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\">*<\/a> Editor-in-Chief<em>, www.http\/\/tannamtu.id.vn<\/em><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>B\u00e0i ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t Th\u01b0a c\u00e1c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n! Ng\u00e0y 28 v\u00e0 29 th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai 2019, H\u1ed9i Khoa h\u1ecdc L\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u2018100 n\u0103m ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u2018. Ban T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng m\u1eddi \u00f4ng [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":4550,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/IMG_3317.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4552"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/31"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4552"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4552\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8234,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4552\/revisions\/8234"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/4550"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4552"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4552"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4552"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}