{"id":4073,"date":"2019-02-03T23:47:00","date_gmt":"2019-02-03T16:47:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/?p=4073"},"modified":"2025-10-28T07:40:16","modified_gmt":"2025-10-28T00:40:16","slug":"100-nam-truoc-cham-dut-thi-hoi-1-va-thi-dinh-2-co-mot-nguoi-viet-nam-man-nguyen-phan-cuoi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/?p=4073","title":{"rendered":"100 N\u0102M TR\u01af\u1edaC, CH\u1ea4M D\u1ee8T THI H\u1ed8I (1) v\u00e0 THI \u0110\u00ccNH (2), c\u00f3 M\u1ed8T NG\u01af\u1edcI VI\u1ec6T NAM M\u00c3N NGUY\u1ec6N – Ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba<\/u><\/strong> (Ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i).
\nPh\u1ea7n 2<\/strong><\/a>
\nPh\u1ea7n 1<\/strong><\/a>
\n\u0110\u1eaeC \u00dd.<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1912, NVV g\u1eedi th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u t\u1edbi Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Hu\u1ebf, \u00f4ng xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p quan \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n, \u0110\u00f4ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc s\u0129, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 B\u1ed9 H\u1ecdc (B\u1ed9 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. B\/t) Cao Xu\u00e2n D\u1ee5c (1843-1923), m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, mu\u1ed1n duy tr\u00ec vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, kh\u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i bu\u1ed5i g\u1eb7p v\u1ecb Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 B\u1ed9 H\u1ecdc, NVV \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef cho to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, v\u00ec b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp thu c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, NVV \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng d\u00e2ng l\u00ean Quan \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n Cao Xu\u00e2n D\u1ee5c cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef do ch\u00ednh NVV bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 22\/6\/1913 (th\u1eddi vua Duy T\u00e2n \u2013 Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac V\u0129nh San), t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Qu\u1ed1c T\u1eed Gi\u00e1m \u2013 Hu\u1ebf, trong l\u1ec5 ch\u00e0o m\u1eebng c\u00e1c th\u00ed sinh tr\u00fang tuy\u1ec3n n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0110\u00f4ng C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc s\u0129 \u2013 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 B\u1ed9 H\u1ecdc Cao Xu\u00e2n D\u1ee5c, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Ch\u00e2n dung Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 Cao Xu\u00e2n D\u1ee5c (1843-1923)<\/em><\/p>\n

H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ng\u1eadp tr\u00e0n \u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi NVV khi \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin n\u00e0y. NVV l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef nguy\u00ean hu\u00e2n<\/em> \u2013 Le Tripomphe du Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em> \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean \u0110DTC 1913, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n:<\/p>\n

\u201cNg\u00e0y nay quan H\u1ecdc-b\u1ed9 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-th\u01b0 ng\u00e0i l\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng ngay ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c-ng\u1eef m\u00e0 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t tr\u00e0ng-h\u1ecdc to nh\u1ea5t trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee7-nh\u00e2n l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m h\u00e2n-h\u1ea1nh, kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ed9 cho Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00f9ng m\u1edbi, cao sang quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

NVV c\u00f2n kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 Cao Xu\u00e2n D\u1ee5c l\u00e0: \u201c…v\u00ec l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i v\u0103n hay, k\u1ef3 t\u00edch k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m cho l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u00e1o ch\u00ed do NVV v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam k\u00e9o d\u00e0i c\u00f3 10 n\u0103m (1906-1916), nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t v\u00e0 mang kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed r\u1ea7m r\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

NVV \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t Ch\u1ee7 b\u00fat, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng tin v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a F. H. Schneider, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn r\u00f5 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110DTC, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng tin ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a F. H. Schneider, NVV nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y th\u1eddi c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n xa tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n con ch\u1eef ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u201cCh\u1eef \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 hay thay! m\u00e0 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc thay!\u201d<\/em>… (l\u1eddi t\u1ef1a Tam Qu\u1ed1c Ch\u00ed Di\u1ec5n Ngh\u0129a 1909) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng. N\u0103m 1915, NVV \u0111\u00e3 cho ra \u0111\u1eddi t\u1edd b\u00e1o quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t in b\u1eb1ng Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1edd Trung B\u1eafc T\u00e2n<\/em> V\u0103n <\/em>(TBTV).<\/p>\n

TBTV sau b\u1ed1n n\u0103m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1edd nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u00e1o ch\u00ed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung phong ph\u00fa, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00fang phong c\u00e1ch b\u00e1o ch\u00ed \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u01a1 m\u1edbi, truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn, b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, khoa h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee9c, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb theo \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 C\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n… Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, manh nha t\u1ea1o l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng thi th\u1ed1 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n

Hai t\u1edd \u0110DTC<\/em>, Trung B\u1eafc T\u00e2n V\u0103n<\/em>, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf m\u1ecdi mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi say m\u00ea v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 coi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u2018canh t\u00e1c\u2019 th\u00ed nhi\u1ec7m, c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m b\u00e1o, vi\u1ebft b\u00e1o, ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh b\u00e1o…. Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh s\u1ef1 lan t\u1ecfa, l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i La tinh – Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u1edd nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u00e1o ch\u00ed Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u00a0‘Trung B\u1eafc T\u00e2n V\u0103n’.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1917, \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi quy lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0o thai \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103m, \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00e1ng, phong tr\u00e0o b\u00e1o ch\u00ed Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m sinh s\u00f4i n\u1ea3y n\u1edf. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 C\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch cai tr\u1ecb, ph\u1ea7n do h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, trong khi h\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eef Nho chi ph\u1ed1i n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c An Nam, nh\u1edd v\u1eady m\u00e0 \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m danh ti\u1ebfng – Nam Phong T\u1ea1p Ch\u00ed<\/em> \u1edf B\u1eafc k\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra \u0111\u1eddi, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n n\u00e2ng cao v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef. T\u1edd b\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00e0m Ch\u1ee7 b\u00fat, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh (k\u00e9m nhau 8 tu\u1ed5i), m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110DTC 1913, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh (1890-1945).<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i Nam k\u1ef3, tuy kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 n\u1edf r\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ed5 x\u00fay cho ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u t\u1edd b\u00e1o in Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a t\u1edd b\u00e1o chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0 t\u1edd N\u1eef Gi\u1edbi<\/em> Chung<\/em> do S\u01b0\u01a1ng Nguy\u1ec7t Anh (Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Khu\u00ea 1864-1921 \u2013 Con g\u00e1i c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed3 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh Chi\u1ec3u 1822-1888) l\u00e0m Ch\u1ee7 b\u00fat v\u1edbi t\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 \u201cCh\u00fa tr\u1ecdng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef….\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1917, 1918, vai tr\u00f2 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a NVV \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1eadm n\u00e9t do s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, th\u01b0\u1eddng ni\u00ean c\u00f9ng t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n s\u0129 uy\u00ean b\u00e1c v\u1ec1 tri th\u1ee9c, uy t\u00edn v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00e0 Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u1edbi con m\u1eaft c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ee9c \u00e9p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng qua kh\u1ed1i t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng do ph\u00eda Ph\u00e1p l\u01b0u gi\u1eef, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ghi ch\u00e9p ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 lo l\u1eafng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd khi n\u00f3i t\u1edbi c\u00e1c g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf B\u1eafc v\u00e0 Trung k\u1ef3, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3:<\/p>\n

T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ghi ng\u00e0y 3\/10\/1911 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t quan ch\u1ee9c Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng T\u1ed5ng Th\u01b0 k\u00fd<\/em> H\u1ed9i S\u1edf Qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 Truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i <\/em>\u00a0(Alliance Fran\u00e7aise Association Nationale pour la PROPAGATION DE LA LANGUE FRAN\u00e7AISE Dans les Colonies et \u00e0 L\u2019Estranger).<\/p>\n

\u201c… Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1908 v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i Miliere Lacroix, v\u00e0 theo mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Lacroix, t\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i Klobukovsky <\/em>(To\u00e0n Quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng 1855-1934. B\/t) (15)<\/sup><\/strong>, tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, t\u00f4i c\u0169ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c tr\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng coi nh\u00e0 Nho n\u00e0y v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p. <\/em><\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt th\u00e2n t\u00edn c\u1ee7a Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh (ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng V\u0129nh c\u0169ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady). T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u1edbi ngay ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng ta. \u1ea4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u1edf n\u0103m 1911 v\u1eabn nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 1908. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt B\u1eafc k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c…. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1907 \u2018C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Aguinaldo\u2019(16)<\/sup> <\/strong>v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh trong \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh Ngh\u0129a Th\u1ee5c (L\u00e0 H\u1ed9i \u00c1i h\u1eefu B\u1eafc k\u1ef3)\u201d….<\/em> (Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch: Nguy\u1ec5n Nh\u01b0 Phong. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ee5p t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\/t.gi\u1eef).<\/p>\n

NVV \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp thu nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, nh\u1edd hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng n\u00e2ng cao d\u00e2n tr\u00ed cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m d\u01b0\u1edbi con m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed3 x\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb…. NVV \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb k\u00edch th\u00edch khi ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u2018s\u1ed1ng ng\u00e2m da, ch\u1ebft ng\u00e2m x\u01b0\u01a1ng\u2019 <\/em>(17)<\/sup><\/strong>, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng do x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i phong ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o ra, c\u00f9ng n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u2018T\u1ea7m Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u2019 <\/em>(18)<\/sup><\/strong>, \u2018Khoa c\u1eed\u2019<\/em> (19)<\/sup><\/strong>…. NVV mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o c\u00e1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ed5 h\u1ee7 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

NVV h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c canh t\u00e2n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Nho gi\u00e1o, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi V\u01b0\u01a1ng Tri\u1ec1u Nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec c\u00e1i Khai h\u00f3a<\/em> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n. NVV nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 l\u1ed9t x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1eb1ng h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i tinh vi, s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n \u00e1c c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c khi ch\u00fang \u1ef7 th\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n

NVV cho r\u1eb1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam k\u00e9m h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p n\u00f3i ri\u00eang, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3i kh\u1ed5, ngh\u00e8o h\u00e8n m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh, theo \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee9 l\u1ea7m l\u0169i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng.<\/p>\n

NVV quan ni\u1ec7m, v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 t\u01b0 nh\u1ea5t, \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c c\u00e1ch suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u201cgi\u1ed1ng\u00a0 d\u00e2n\u201d c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u00e1n l\u01b0ng cho gi\u1eddi, b\u00e1n m\u1eb7t cho \u0111\u1ea5t<\/em>\u2026 C\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh, t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a NVV ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/em>.<\/p>\n

V\u00e2ng, n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u trong cu\u1ed1n s\u1ed1 17 c\u1ee7a \u2018Kh\u1ea3i \u0110\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu\u2019<\/em>, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean t\u00e2m t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb vua b\u1ecb mang ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 \u2018lai c\u0103ng\u2019, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 c\u1edb, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 b\u1ee9c b\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thi c\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc An Nam:\u201cTr\u1eabm ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng quy ch\u1ebf c\u1ef1u h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u mong mu\u1ed1n, trong khi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a t\u00e2n h\u1ecdc \u0111ang th\u00eanh thang m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9 khao kh\u00e1t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i thay, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc An Nam mong s\u1edbm ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00e1i c\u1ea3nh \u2018L\u1ec1u\u2019<\/em>, \u2018Ch\u00f5ng\u2019<\/em>(20)<\/sup><\/strong>, NVV \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi ng\u00e0i To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n Anbert Sarraut (1872-1962) nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Nam Phong s\u1ed1 21 n\u0103m 1919 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t: \u201cB\u1ed9 H\u1ecdc y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh Trung k\u1ef3 b\u00e3i b\u1ecf h\u1ebft c\u00e1c vi\u00ean quan gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n, v\u00ec c\u00e1c v\u1ecb n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef Nho ho\u1eb7c ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o…\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e2n bang, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi hay, r\u1eb1ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e3i b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 khoa c\u1eed theo Nho h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1868, n\u01b0\u1edbc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1894, v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung Hoa t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1900 (Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Ch\u00e2n Qu\u1ef3nh – Khoa c\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam – NXB V\u0103n H\u1ecdc 2007).<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u1ef0 TH\u01af\u1edeNG.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh g\u1ea7n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Cao B\u00e1 Qu\u00e1t (1809-1855), khi \u0111i s\u1ee9 sang T\u00e2n Gia Ba (Singapore) \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra c\u00e1i h\u1ee7 l\u1eadu v\u00e0 b\u1ebf t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u1edf qu\u00ea nh\u00e0, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 than trong t\u1eadp th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (trang 22. B\/t):\u201c\u0110\u00e1ng ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n cho ta b\u1ea5y l\u00e2u ch\u1ec9 lo \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda g\u1ecdt r\u0169a c\u00e2u v\u0103n, l\u1ea3i nh\u1ea3i t\u1eebng c\u00e2u t\u1eebng ch\u1eef c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o con s\u00e2u \u0111o mu\u1ed1n \u0111o c\u1ea3 Tr\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea5t?\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

V\u1eady n\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf c\u00e1c khoa thi H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 thi \u0110\u00ecnh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1919, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m NVV nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ng\u00e0n v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u00ean ng\u00f4i c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng coi l\u00e0 m\u00e1u th\u1ecbt, th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef Nho v\u00e0 ch\u1eef Ph\u00e1p, m\u00e0 cho c\u1ea3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u danh ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ebf Ng\u0169 (1921-2000), trong cu\u1ed1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u0103n h\u1ecdc s\u1eed gi\u1ea3n \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e2n bi\u00ean ( NXB. \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p 1998), <\/em>\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh, nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, \u00fd ch\u00ed v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng g\u00ec NVV \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

\u201cT\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebft? V\u00ec qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef l\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u1ea7u b\u1eafc sang v\u0103n minh T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 lao lung c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef T\u1ea7u, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a H\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 l\u1ed7, c\u1ee7a<\/em> phong ki\u1ebfn t\u1ed1i t\u0103m, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, t\u1edbi duy t\u00e2n. \u201cCh\u1eef nho ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o ch\u1eafn ngang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0103n minh\u201d. Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft c\u00e2u \u1ea5y ngay t\u1eeb 1907 tr\u00ean b\u00e1o \u0110\u0103ng c\u1ed5….<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00d4ng th\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/em> c\u00e1c \u00f4ng T\u1ed5ng \u00f4ng L\u00fd h\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch r\u1edfm, l\u00fd s\u1ef1 c\u00f9n, v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f3, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1ecdn con n\u00edt, th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi t\u1eeb trong tr\u1ee9ng ra\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef so\u00e1n ng\u00f4i c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, r\u1ed3i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, thi c\u1eed, n\u0103m 1944, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng V\u0169 B\u1eb1ng (1913-1984) \u0111\u00e3 ca ng\u1ee3i NVV tr\u00ean Trung B\u1eafc Ch\u1ee7 Nh\u1eadt <\/em>(TBCN), \u00f4ng nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u00e0 \u00f4ng V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1907: \u201c<\/em>C\u00f2n nh\u01b0 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm l\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u hay cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 tra kh\u1ea3o t\u1ea1o ho\u00e1 cho t\u1ea1o ho\u00e1 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec b\u00ed hi\u1ec3m ph\u1ea3i x\u01b0ng ra cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00eam ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 b\u1ed5 c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi cho th\u00eam sung s\u01b0\u1edbng, b\u1edbt t\u1eadt b\u1ec7nh, h\u1ebft kh\u1ed5 n\u00e3o, th\u00ec c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc \u1ea5y \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai<\/em>\u201d<\/em>.<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u0169 B\u1eb1ng c\u00f2n an \u1ee7i NVV tr\u00ean t\u1edd TBCN s\u1ed1 205 v\u00e0 206 n\u0103m 1944: \u201c<\/em>Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m sau, m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh n\u00f3i \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, n\u1ebfu Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh c\u00f2n, t\u1ea5t \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m sung s\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i m\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef Nho \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh trong mu\u00f4n m\u1ed9t<\/em>\u201d<\/em>.<\/em><\/p>\n

NVV \u0111\u00e3 sung s\u01b0\u1edbng, t\u1ecf ra m\u00e3n nguy\u1ec7n khi th\u1ea5y l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc An Nam thay \u0111\u1ed5i, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t l\u1ed1i h\u1ecdc, l\u1ed1i thi c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t nh\u00fam ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn cho vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef m\u00e0 theo \u00f4ng, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1m hay cho n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ed5 Vi\u1ec7t ta,<\/em> n\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1edfng cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thu\u00ea th\u1ee3 m\u1ed9c t\u00e0i ba t\u1eeb qu\u00ea nh\u00e0, ra s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 \u00f4ng, c\u00f9ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4i gh\u1ebf tr\u00e0ng k\u1ef7 theo phong c\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 g\u1ee5, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 vinh danh c\u00e1i con ch\u1eef m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eb7n l\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed9i n\u00f3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u, ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng, con ch\u1eef n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u tinh hoa c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb bao gi\u1edd, b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 cho kh\u1ea3m trai l\u00ean ch\u1ed7 t\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a hai chi\u1ebfc gh\u1ebf, hai c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t h\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Jean de la Fontaine (La Ph\u00f4ng Ten 1621-1695).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Chi\u1ebfc tr\u00e0ng k\u1ef7 kh\u1ea3m trai chuy\u1ec7n\u00a0Ch\u00f3 r\u1eebng v\u00e0 ch\u00f3 nh\u00e0.<\/em><\/p>\n

Hai c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n h\u00e0m s\u00fac m\u00e0 NVV l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ghi tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f4i gh\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i ghi danh ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, c\u00e1i th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 \u2018d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m\u2019 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u2018\u00f4ng l\u1edbn\u2019, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 \u00f3c si\u00eau b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 nh\u01b0ng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i v\u1eabn l\u00e0 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00f5a v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c An Nam b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi c\u00e1i th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p m\u00e0 NVV mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho h\u1eadu th\u1ebf tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f4i gh\u1ebf tr\u00e0ng k\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f3, r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f2n g\u00ec \u0111\u1eaft h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do (Chuy\u1ec7n con ch\u00f3 r\u1eebng v\u00e0 ch\u00f3 nh\u00e0)<\/em>, v\u00e0 d\u00f9 l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay con v\u1eadt, l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ee9c, c\u00e1i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i th\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi (Chuy\u1ec7n con ch\u00f3 r\u1eebng v\u00e0 con c\u00f2)<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0L\u1eddi tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a hai c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n tr\u00ean hai chi\u1ebfc tr\u00e0ng k\u1ef7<\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, NVV \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eafc t\u1eeb h\u01a1n ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 r\u1eb1ng, \u201cCh\u1eef qu\u00fd h\u00f3a ch\u01b0a…?\u201d, <\/em>th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft h\u00f4m nay ch\u00fang ta d\u00f9ng qu\u00fd h\u00f3a ch\u01b0a….? V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1919, c\u00e1i n\u0103m l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u m\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf \u0111i, khi l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i cho vi\u1ec7c g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c giang s\u01a1n, ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc, thi c\u1eed minh b\u1ea1ch, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t l\u1ed1i h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n t\u01b0 duy suy lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nho h\u1ecdc k\u00e9o d\u00e0i g\u1ea7n ch\u1ee5c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

100 n\u0103m s\u1ebd l\u00e0 d\u00e0i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb v\u00f4 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, v\u00f4 \u00fd th\u1ee9c, v\u00f4 c\u00f4ng d\u1ed7i ngh\u1ec1, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia… c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ch\u1edbp m\u1eaft.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a NVV, kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tho\u00e1t thai c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc An Nam.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1edd s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u1eddi s\u00e1ng, NVV ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd bi\u1ebft s\u1ee3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec, ngh\u00e8o t\u00fang, b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh, uy quy\u1ec1n, danh v\u1ecdng, ti\u1ec1n t\u00e0i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y nao n\u00fang, nghi\u00eang ng\u1ea3, v\u1ecb t\u00ecnh, lu\u1ed3n c\u00fai…. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3, nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n vinh danh \u00f4ng, v\u00ec Nguy\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o, m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft l\u00fd ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o, ngo\u00e0i \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng cho \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ee9ng ngang v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0o tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn NVV kh\u00f4ng b\u1eadn l\u00f2ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 \u01a1n c\u1ee7a ai \u0111\u00f3, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i t\u1edd b\u00e1o TBTV t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1917 \u0111\u1ebfn 1920, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi th\u1ea5y \u1edf r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft k\u00fd t\u00ean NVV, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u th\u00fa nh\u1eadn:<\/p>\n

T\u00d4I CH\u1ec8 L\u00c0 NG\u01af\u1edcI TH\u01af\u1edcNG…!<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u1ee8ng H\u00f2e Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n T\u1ed1 (1889-1947), H\u1ed9i Tr\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed9i Tr\u00ed Tri, H\u1ed9i Tr\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed9i Truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, chuy\u00ean gia v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, B\u1ed9 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 C\u1ee9u t\u1ebf X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a VNDCCH 1945, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi, nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed NVV t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

\u201c…. <\/em>k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1905, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 r\u0169 b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng r\u0169 b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u00e2u lo ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng cho \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o, cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00e9o ch\u1ecdn, v\u00e0 cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng. Th\u1ef1c ra, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 lao v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y ngay t\u1eeb khi c\u00f2n ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean gh\u1ebf nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd r\u1eddi b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ngay c\u1ea3 khi trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fac \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cam go nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang\u201d<\/em> (21)<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111i\u1ebfu v\u0103n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Phan Tr\u1ea7n Ch\u00fac (1907-1946), ng\u01b0\u1eddi thay m\u1eb7t b\u00e1o gi\u1edbi B\u1eafc k\u1ef3, \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc linh c\u1eefu NVV ng\u00e0y 8\/5\/1936 \u1edf s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 107 ph\u1ed1 Gambetta (Tr\u1ea7n H\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1o), H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i:<\/p>\n

\u201cTheo \u00fd ti\u00ean sinh th\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u1ed9t b\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a chung t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh ra tr\u00ean d\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c, ph\u00e1i tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1i b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n, c\u00e1i tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m to ngang nhau v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 nhau. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong \u00f3c ti\u00ean sinh t\u1eeb h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1eeb l\u00fac ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf….\u201d.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch<\/u><\/strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n

15<\/strong>. Antony Wladislas Klobukowski (1855-1934), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 8.1908 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 1.1910. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong Nam k\u1ef3 v\u1edbi Thomson l\u00e0 Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c Nam k\u1ef3. Sau giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p, Klobukowski l\u00e0m \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 Ph\u00e1p \u1edf V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c B\u1ec9.<\/em><\/p>\n

16<\/strong>.\u00a0Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy(23\/3\/1869 \u2013 6\/2\/1964) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Philippines. \u00d4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Philippines (1899\u20131901) v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n Philippines chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i T\u00e2y Ban Nha trong n\u1eeda sau c\u1ee7a\u00a0<\/em>C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Philippines<\/em>(1896\u20131897), trong\u00a0<\/em>Chi\u1ebfn tranh T\u00e2y Ban Nha\u2013M\u1ef9<\/em>\u00a0(1898), v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3\u00a0<\/em>ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i M\u1ef9<\/em>\u00a0(1899\u20131901). \u00d4ng b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9 b\u1eaft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1901, khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac.<\/em><\/p>\n

17<\/strong>. C\u00e2u ca dao ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 c\u01a1 c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00f9ng tr\u0169ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng B\u1eafc b\u1ed9, do n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1eadp n\u00ean khi canh t\u00e1c lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i ng\u00e2m m\u00ecnh trong n\u01b0\u1edbc (s\u1ed1ng ng\u00e2m da), c\u00f2n khi ch\u1ebft, vi\u1ec7c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u00f9a, n\u1ebfu v\u00e0o m\u00f9a kh\u00f4, n\u01a1i ch\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o m\u00f9a m\u01b0a, m\u1ed3 m\u1ea3 lu\u00f4n ng\u1eadp trong n\u01b0\u1edbc (ch\u1ebft ng\u00e2m x\u01b0\u01a1ng).<\/em><\/p>\n

18<\/strong>. T\u1ea7m ch\u01b0\u01a1ng-tr\u00edch c\u00fa, ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n khi l\u00e0m v\u0103n H\u00e1n N\u00f4m th\u01b0\u1eddng sao ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 s\u00e1o m\u00f2n, kh\u00f4ng coi tr\u1ecdng t\u00ednh n\u1ed9i dung, thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c.<\/em><\/p>\n

19<\/strong>. Khoa c\u1eed, l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thi c\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m quan, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt (Xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch m\u1ee5c 7 \u1edf ph\u1ea7n M\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft..<\/em><\/p>\n

20<\/strong>. L\u1ec1u \u2013 Ch\u00f5ng, t\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Ng\u00f4 T\u1ea5t T\u1ed1 (1894-1954) xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n 1952 t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. N\u1ed9i dung n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c s\u0129 t\u1eed tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00ean \u00f4n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i thi v\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh quan. Ngh\u0129a \u0111en c\u1ee7a c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb n\u00e0y kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 \u1edf ch\u1eef \u2018l\u1ec1u\u2019, song \u1edf t\u1eeb \u2018ch\u00f5ng\u2019 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau n\u00e0y \u00edt c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o t\u00fang m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi c\u1ea3u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00f3 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc gi\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng tre, song c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c ng\u1ed3i v\u00e0 n\u1eb1m ng\u1ee7 khi c\u1ea7n.<\/em><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean wikipedia khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u2018L\u1ec1u Ch\u00f5ng\u2019, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u00e2m s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4 T\u1ea5t T\u1ed1, \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh, thi c\u1eed trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Phong ki\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb ng\u00e0n x\u01b0a:\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cNg\u00e0y nay nghe \u0111\u1ebfn hai ti\u1ebfng \u201cL\u1ec1u\u201d, \u201cCh\u00f5ng\u201d c\u00f3 l\u1ebd nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m l\u1ea1 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt \u1ea5y t\u1eeb bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang ta m\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 m\u1ea5t t\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7n ba ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m nay.\u00a0Nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u01a1n hai ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf l\u00ean, cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m, \u201cL\u1ec1u\u201d \u201cCh\u00f5ng\u201d v\u1eabn l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a giang s\u01a1n c\u0169 k\u1ef9 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn khoe l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ed1n ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m v\u0103n hi\u1ebfn\u201d. <\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng ng\u1ed3i trong mi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m r\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m c\u1ed9t cho n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0, nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng \u1edf n\u01a1i tuy\u1ec1n th\u1ea1ch, l\u00e0m khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu cho \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c phong h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf trong \u0111\u00e1m l\u1ec1u ch\u00f5ng m\u00e0 ra. L\u1ec1u Ch\u00f5ng v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng t\u1ea1o v\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng.\u00a0Ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f5i di\u1ec7t vong. V\u00ec n\u00f3, n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u00ec r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i c\u01b0\u1eddi, ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f3c, ph\u1ea3i r\u00f9ng r\u1ee3n h\u1ed3i h\u1ed9p.<\/em><\/p>\n

21. <\/span><\/strong>Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n T\u1ed1 vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p – T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed H\u1ed9i T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0110\u00f4ng kinh s\u1ed1 1 v\u00e0 2 n\u0103m 1936 (ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o Ph\u1ea1m To\u00e0n)<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang n\u0103m 2019.<\/p>\n

NGUY\u1ec4N L\u00c2N B\u00ccNH<\/strong><\/p>\n

(Ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda l\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i 10\/2025).<\/p>\n

H\u1ebeT<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba (Ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i). Ph\u1ea7n 2 Ph\u1ea7n 1 \u0110\u1eaeC \u00dd. N\u0103m 1912, NVV g\u1eedi th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u t\u1edbi Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Hu\u1ebf, \u00f4ng xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p quan \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n, \u0110\u00f4ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc s\u0129, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 B\u1ed9 H\u1ecdc (B\u1ed9 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. B\/t) Cao Xu\u00e2n D\u1ee5c (1843-1923), m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, mu\u1ed1n duy tr\u00ec vai tr\u00f2 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":4076,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[26,139,23,97,87,95,105,32,42,27,107,93,22,20,30,138,108,106,86,109,53,55,34,33,156,94,96,54,28,51,24,8,112,99,21,25,36,98,110],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/L\u1eddi-v\u0103n-tr\u00ean-tr\u00e0ng-k\u1ef7-Ch\u00f3-r\u1eebng-v\u00e0-c\u00f2.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4073"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/31"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4073"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4073\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9800,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4073\/revisions\/9800"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/4076"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4073"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4073"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4073"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}