{"id":4048,"date":"2019-01-29T07:52:23","date_gmt":"2019-01-29T00:52:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/?p=4048"},"modified":"2025-10-26T22:13:23","modified_gmt":"2025-10-26T15:13:23","slug":"loi-chao-ky-hoi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/?p=4048","title":{"rendered":"100 N\u0102M TR\u01af\u1edaC, CH\u1ea4M D\u1ee8T THI H\u1ed8I (1) v\u00e0 THI \u0110\u00ccNH (2), c\u00f3 M\u1ed8T NG\u01af\u1edcI VI\u1ec6T NAM M\u00c3N NGUY\u1ec6N – Ph\u1ea7n 1"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kinh ch\u00e0o c\u00e1c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3!<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ee5c d\u1ef1ng ch\u00e2n dung th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3, nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin g\u1eedi t\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft nh\u00e2n 100 n\u0103m Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Phong ki\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 khoa c\u1eed theo Nho h\u1ecdc 1919 – 2019.\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef l\u00ean ng\u00f4i v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau khai d\u00e2n tr\u00ed v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5n d\u00e2n kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20.B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh ba ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong tu\u1ea7n l\u1ec5 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a n\u0103m M\u1eadu Tu\u1ea5t.K\u00ednh ch\u00fac c\u00e1c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3n T\u1ebft vui v\u1ebb v\u00e0 kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh!<\/p>\n

BBT.Tannamtu.com<\/a><\/p>\n

NGUY\u1ec4N L\u00c2N B\u00ccNH.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>100 N\u0102M TR\u01af\u1edaC, CH\u1ea4M D\u1ee8T THI H\u1ed8I (1)<\/sup> v\u00e0 THI \u0110\u00ccNH (2)<\/sup>,<\/strong><\/p>\n

c\u00f3 M\u1ed8T NG\u01af\u1edcI VI\u1ec6T NAM M\u00c3N NGUY\u1ec6N.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec1 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, song b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c d\u00f9ng th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 QU\u1ed0C NG\u1eee, th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ebf ch\u00e2n ch\u1eef H\u00e1n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ef1, t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i thay t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t theo m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i La Tinh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u1ef9 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng trong \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm Nam k\u1ef3 v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, khi Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n cai qu\u1ea3n, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/em>, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c t\u1ecf ra c\u0103m gh\u00e9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a l\u0169 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2018T\u00e2y l\u00f4ng\u2019 k\u1ef3 qu\u1eb7c, v\u1edbi s\u00fang \u1ed1ng, l\u1eeda kh\u00f3i \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c d\u00e0i l\u00e2u trong ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a phong ki\u1ebfn Trung Hoa g\u1ea7n c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0n n\u0103m. Ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m v\u0103n t\u1ef1 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cai tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u1eb7c nhi\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p mang t\u1edbi, t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa hai d\u00f2ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169 v\u00e0 m\u1edbi, \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y, Nho gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

G\u1ea7n 200 n\u0103m sau, t\u00ednh t\u1eeb l\u00fac ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t d\u00f9ng k\u00fd t\u1ef1 La Tinh ra \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ebfn khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/em> c\u1ee7a Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Phong ki\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e1n t\u1ed9i cho ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0i x\u00edch. \u201cH\u1ecd quan ni\u1ec7m ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i bang, l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n duy tr\u00ec h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n….\u201d <\/em>(Nguy\u1ec5n Thi\u1ec7n Gi\u00e1p \u0110HQG.HN).<\/p>\n

H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e8 n\u1eb7ng l\u00ean t\u00e2m l\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 hai m\u1eb7t, nh\u00ecn \u1edf m\u1eb7t t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh m\u1edbi l\u1ea1. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh t\u1edbi c\u1ea3 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n(3)<\/sup><\/strong>, Trung Qu\u1ed1c(4)<\/sup><\/strong> c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c1 kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n s\u0129 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nho h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 nao n\u00fang, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u00e0 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i thay kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, kinh t\u1ebf, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, khoa h\u1ecdc, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i…. do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft L\u00e0o Cai \u2013 V\u00e2n Nam do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1897-1898.<\/em><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u00e0y, c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta, \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebfu h\u1eb3n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n l\u00e0m c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa k\u1ebb cai tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 k\u1ebb b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c l\u1eabn nhau, gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt s\u1ef1 h\u1eb1n th\u00f9, v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf ba mi\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh cai tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p s\u1eafp \u0111\u0103t. N\u00f3 c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n do c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n mu\u1ed1n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c cai tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 chia Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00e0nh ba mi\u1ec1n theo c\u00e1c quy ch\u1ebf ri\u00eang (Nam k\u1ef3 l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, Trung v\u00e0 B\u1eafc k\u1ef3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9). Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 mang t\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng \u00edt h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng nhen nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i thay to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n\u00a0\u0111\u1ed3\u00a0\u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. Nam k\u1ef3\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi t\u00ean ri\u00eang l\u00e0\u00a0Cochinchine<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u0102N H\u00d3A, X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I VI\u1ec6T NAM cu\u1ed1i TH\u1ebe K\u1ef6 19 \u0111\u1ea7u 20.<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c s\u0129 phu ph\u00eda B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ra ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, nh\u1edd hai nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u1ea3i Si\u00eau (1873-1929) v\u00e0 Khang H\u1eefu Vi (1858-1927). Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, do ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng qua th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef trung gian.<\/p>\n

\u1ede ph\u00eda Nam, nh\u1edd quy ch\u1ebf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n s\u1ef9, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu nh\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u1edf Nam k\u1ef3 ng\u00e0y \u1ea5y, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef m\u1edbi n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, thi\u1ebfu t\u00ednh quy m\u00f4 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u, m\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp cho to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp cai tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n s\u0129 Nho h\u1ecdc b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 kh\u00e1c, do b\u1ecb m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c th\u00f9 gh\u00e9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ti\u1ebfp thu v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1885, ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb t\u1edbi H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Qu\u1ea3n h\u1ea1t Nam k\u1ef3 \u201c\u0110\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef….\u201d,<\/em> h\u1ecd l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn: \u201cTheo thi\u1ec3n \u00fd ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf Nam k\u1ef3, ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Annam n\u00f4m na m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m….\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 cho nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n s\u0129 c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1t khao \u0111\u00f2i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng, l\u1ed1i suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thu\u1ea7n n\u00f4ng b\u1ecb bao b\u1ecdc trong c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf Nho gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1i thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c vua t\u00f4i<\/em> (5)<\/sup><\/strong>. D\u00e2n ch\u00fang An Nam ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 coi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 k\u1ebb h\u00e8n m\u1ecdn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n t\u01b0 duy bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng, khoa h\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, \u0111\u1eebng n\u00f3i t\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u00f2i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, h\u1ecd trung th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp cai tr\u1ecb, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft phong ki\u1ebfn Nh\u00e2n tr\u1ecb<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e0nh r\u1eb1ng, trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n s\u0129 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 nhen nh\u00f3m vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00e2n ch\u00fang t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, t\u1ef1 do, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 h\u1ecd thu l\u01b0\u1ee3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch ch\u1eef H\u00e1n v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng T\u01b0 s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p<\/em> n\u0103m 1789.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef0 CAN D\u1ef0 C\u1ee6A C\u00c1C NH\u00c2N S\u0128.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kho\u00e1c \u00e1o phong t\u1ee5c, t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n do ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Phong ki\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1898, 1899, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp thu c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n s\u0129 \u1edf B\u1eafc k\u1ef3, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia danh ti\u1ebfng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi sang qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef nh\u01b0: Contrat social (Kh\u1ebf \u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i-C\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0<\/em>\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 D\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a<\/em> J.J. Rousseau \u20181772-1778\u2019, nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc), Esprit d\u00e9 lois (Tinh th<\/em>\u1ea7n Ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt<\/em> c\u1ee7a Montesquieu \u20181689-1755\u2019, nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb),<\/em> Trait\u00e9 de l\u2019Esprit (Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Th\u00e1nh linh <\/em>c\u1ee7a Helv\u00e9tius \u20181715-1771\u2019, nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc)<\/em> (6)<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Theo Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea3 k\u00edch k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u2018Thi\u00ean t\u1eed\u2019<\/em> nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cN\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Phong ki\u1ebfn Trung Hoa, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9<\/em> Nh\u00e2n tr\u1ecb<\/em>: Nh\u00e2n tr\u1ecb ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i hay nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc, ch\u1ec9 huy t\u00f9y theo l\u00f2ng vui, bu\u1ed3n, th\u01b0\u01a1ng, gh\u00e9t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng vua m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt tuy c\u00f3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/em>.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n s\u0129 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra, r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c canh t\u00e2n v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

C\u00f2n v\u1edbi Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 th\u1eafng th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c khai th\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef vi\u1ebft ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbn lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft n\u00e0o d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp thu, d\u1ec5 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n cai tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea7n r\u1eddi xa \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0103n h\u00f3a Phong ki\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean gi\u1eefa m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb cai tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0o n\u1eeda cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u1ebf t\u1ef1u k\u1ebf<\/em> trong th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho c\u1ea3 hai ph\u00eda.<\/p>\n

N\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Phong Ki\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1ecb l\u1ea5n \u00e1t, m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khoa c\u1eed <\/em>(7)<\/sup><\/strong> s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y cai tr\u1ecb, tuy\u1ec7t nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch qu\u1ed1c k\u1ebf d\u00e2n sinh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u1edf c\u00e1c ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

.\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

B\u1ee9c\u00a0\u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p c\u00e1c t\u00e2n khoa cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khoa c\u1eed phong ki\u1ebfn 1919<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i Nam k\u1ef3, v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 60, 70 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e0i trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao l\u00e0 t\u1eadp Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfng Annam <\/em>(1868) c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd (1837-1898), r\u1ed3i Hu\u1ef3nh T\u1ecbnh C\u1ee7a (1830-1908), Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Minh K\u00fd (1855-1900), \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef. \u0110\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh phong tr\u00e0o, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh cao tr\u00e0o, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 cao tr\u00e0o th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 C\u00e1ch M\u1ea1ng!<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi, ch\u00ednh nh\u00e2n s\u1ef9 xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang v\u00e0 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i t\u00e2m t\u01b0 gi\u1eb1ng x\u00e9 do t\u00e2m l\u00fd thi\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, thi\u1ebfu c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh trong l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, khi th\u1ea5y c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh dang d\u1edf, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i cay \u0111\u1eafng th\u1ed1t l\u00ean: \u201cR\u1eb1ng tuy \u0103n \u1edf c\u00f9ng T\u1ea7n, b\u00e2ng khu\u00e2ng nh\u1edb H\u00e1n mu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eddi x\u00f3t sa\u201d<\/em>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u1ede Trung K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng Phong tr\u00e0o \u0110\u00f4ng Du do Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u (1867-194) ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, r\u1ed3i Duy T\u00e2n T\u1ef1 C\u01b0\u1eddng<\/em> do Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh (1872-1926) l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n s\u0129 danh ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u00fd C\u00e1p (1870-1908), Hu\u1ef3nh Th\u00fac Kh\u00e1ng (1876-1947)…. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

VI\u1ec6T NAM S\u1eec L\u01af\u1ee2C l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch\u00a0\u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean\u00a0vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1919\u00a0<\/em>c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim (1883-1953).\u00a0<\/em>Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y t\u1eebng l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0\u00a0\u1edf ch\u1ebf\u00a0\u0111\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a cho\u00a0\u0111\u1ebfn 1975.\u00a0<\/em>S\u00e1ch\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 in Trung B\u1eafc T\u00e2n V\u0103n\u00a0\u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i n\u0103m 1920.<\/em><\/p>\n

Trung k\u1ef3, m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3, l\u1ea1i g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t, k\u00ecm k\u1eb9p v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Phong ki\u1ebfn, lu\u00f4n m\u01b0\u1ee3n danh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Vua – T\u00f4i. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n s\u0129 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 Trung k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ecm ra ph\u00eda B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp nh\u00e2n s\u0129 tinh hoa Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chung \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng kinh (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i), v\u1edbi d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi Phong tr\u00e0o \u0110\u00f4ng kinh Ngh\u0129a th\u1ee5c (\u0110KNT) 1907. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a Th\u0103ng Long tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, kh\u00e1c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n so v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nho h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110KNT l\u00e0 n\u01a1i d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh d\u1ea1y c\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, cho d\u00f9 Th\u1ee5c Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n Can (1854-1927) l\u00e0 Nho s\u0129, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n s\u0129 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n Quy\u1ec1n (1869-1941), L\u00ea \u0110\u1ea1i (1875-1951), D\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00e1 Tr\u1ea1c (1884-1944), Ph\u1ea1m Duy T\u1ed1n (1881-1924), Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh (1882-1936)…. m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 T\u00e2n h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t tr\u1ebb v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t s\u01a1 khai, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 b\u00e0i b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u00e1p l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nho h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, qua g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Phong ki\u1ebfn Trung Hoa, ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111ua chen. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, d\u00f9 H\u00e1n ng\u1eef kh\u00f3 h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u1edbi t\u00e2m l\u00fd b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n v\u00ec l\u00e0 k\u1ebb b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb, l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5, n\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho H\u00e1n h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i.<\/p>\n

Trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n s\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec1 cao l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 t\u00f4n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ri\u00eang cho \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m v\u1eabn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u00e2m ng\u1eef ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u0103n t\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eddi cho m\u1ed9t \u201cgi\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n\u201d, \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 70 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng T\u1ed9 (1830-1871).<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f3a ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t d\u00f9ng k\u00fd t\u1ef1 La Tinh, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1865 (Th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Petrus K\u00fd) \u0111\u1ebfn 1906 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 C\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng t\u1ecf ra b\u1ebf t\u1eafc, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n s\u0129 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia \u0111\u1ea7y kinh nghi\u1ec7m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 Fran\u00e7ois-Henri Schneider (1851-1931), Ernest Babut (1878-1962)….<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n s\u1ef9 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, y\u00eau v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t, quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t d\u00f9ng k\u00fd t\u1ef1 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i La Tinh, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng: Khai d\u00e2n tr\u00ed v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i!<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch<\/u><\/strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/strong>:\u00a0Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Phong ki\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c thi H\u1ed9i, l\u00e0 khoa thi\u00a0<\/em>Nho h\u1ecdc<\/em>\u00a0th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec7 3 n\u0103m 1 l\u1ea7n t\u1ea1i trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed7 c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a khoa thi H\u1ed9i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadu \u0111\u1ea1i khoa s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129. Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y cai tr\u1ecb.<\/em><\/p>\n

2<\/strong>:\u00a0Thi \u0110\u00ecnh, l\u00e0 khoa thi Nho h\u1ecdc cao c\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed7 k\u1ef3 thi H\u1ed9i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea7u (th\u1ee7 khoa) c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u00ecnh Nguy\u00ean. G\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi \u0110\u00ecnh, v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong cung \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Vua. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed7 thi \u0110\u00ecnh s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m quan trong Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh.<\/em><\/p>\n

3<\/strong>:\u00a0N\u0103m 1868, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t 265 n\u0103m Phong ki\u1ebfn, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean Minh Tr\u1ecb Thi\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc theo c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p.<\/em><\/p>\n

4<\/strong>:\u00a0M\u00f9a Thu n\u0103m 1891, L\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u1ea3i Si\u00eau \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p Khang H\u1eefu Vi v\u00e0 t\u00f4n Khang H\u1eefu Vi l\u00e0m th\u1ea7y. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, hai v\u1ecb nh\u00e2n s\u0129 n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh xung k\u00edch c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i T\u00e2n h\u1ecdc \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd c\u00f2n so\u1ea1n ra b\u1ea3ng th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c: T\u00e2y h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 m\u1ee5c bi\u1ec3u, g\u1ed3m 300 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Anh, Ph\u00e1p ra H\u00e1n v\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ecdc. T\u1eeb Hi Th\u00e1i H\u1eadu (1835-1905) \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1i b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng duy t\u00e2n c\u1ee7a hai nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u vong sang Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n.<\/em><\/p>\n

5<\/strong>: V\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 vua t\u00f4i, Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed vi\u1ebft:\u00a0\u201cVua l\u1ea5y l\u1ec5 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3i b\u1ec1 t\u00f4i, b\u1ec1 t\u00f4i l\u1ea5y trung m\u00e0 th\u1edd vua\u201d<\/em>\u00a0(Wikipedia).<\/p>\n

6<\/strong>:\u00a0Ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o Th\u00e1i Phi, \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean b\u00e1o TIN V\u0102N, l\u00e0 Tu\u1ea7n b\u00e1o v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/em><\/p>\n

v\u00e0 m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y Ch\u1ee7 Nh\u1eadt 28\/7\/1935).<\/em><\/p>\n

7<\/strong>: N\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c\u00a0khoa c\u1eed<\/em>, do\u00a0Nh\u00e0 L\u00fd (n\u0103m 1075) l\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i phong ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf\u00a0<\/em>Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/em>\u00a0x\u00e1c l\u1eadp h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khoa c\u1eed c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean th\u1eddi\u00a0<\/em>B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c<\/em>, c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i\u00a0<\/em>Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/em>\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1eef Nho (H\u00e1n), m\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i\u00a0<\/em>Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/em>, v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a.<\/em>\u00a0(Wikipedia).<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u1eef\u00a0khoa c\u1eed<\/em>\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 ngh\u0129a \u0111en c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb.<\/p>\n

H\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kinh ch\u00e0o c\u00e1c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3! \u0110\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ee5c d\u1ef1ng ch\u00e2n dung th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3, nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin g\u1eedi t\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft nh\u00e2n 100 n\u0103m Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Phong ki\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":2255,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[26,139,23,97,87,95,105,32,42,27,107,93,22,20,30,138,108,106,86,109,53,55,34,33,156,94,96,28,31,51,112,99,21,25,36,110],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/12510511_10153777359877954_401259842977368528_n.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4048"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/31"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4048"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4048\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9789,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4048\/revisions\/9789"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2255"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4048"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4048"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4048"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}