![\"500_tranh-tet\"](\"http:\/\/nghiencuuquocte.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/500_tranh-tet.jpg\")
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T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3:\u00a0<\/strong>Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0nh<\/p>\n Ti\u1ebfng ta c\u00f2n th\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc ta c\u00f2n!<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0110\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c<\/em> (national assimilation) g\u1ed3m: 1- \u0110\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/em>, t\u1ee9c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c A trong giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c B, do ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a B m\u00e0 A t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n m\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ecb B \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a; \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. 2- \u0110\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf<\/em>: s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c nh\u1ecf y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft, phong t\u1ee5c, t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n; \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i \u00e1c.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu di\u1ec5n ra d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/em>, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn (nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n h\u01a1n, kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng), \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/em> l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ea5t, quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u1eefa.<\/span><\/p>\n Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a y\u1ebfu th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a. Th\u1eddi c\u1ed5, Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c1. N\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u00e1n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh. D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c H\u1ed3i \u1edf ph\u00eda T\u00e2y n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef A R\u1eadp, sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m giao l\u01b0u v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n c\u0169ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n v\u00e0 n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n. Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0ng m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, sau khi th\u00f4n t\u00ednh v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edt l\u00e2u c\u0169ng b\u1ecb n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u00e1n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c M\u00e3n sau khi chi\u1ebfm Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 l\u1eadp tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 Thanh \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c H\u00e1n: c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng H\u00e1n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea1o n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111u\u00f4i sam, ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf ch\u1eef H\u00e1n m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef M\u00e3n l\u00e0m ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1eddi Thanh, t\u1ee9c sau kho\u1ea3ng 100 n\u0103m th\u00ec ti\u1ebfng M\u00e3n c\u00f9ng ch\u1eef M\u00e3n \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00e3n ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n v\u00e0 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a ng\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb h\u1ecd cai tr\u1ecb l\u00e2u t\u1edbi 267 n\u0103m!<\/p>\n C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n sau khi chi\u1ebfm thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ec1u c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra kh\u00e1 nhanh, nh\u00ecn chung sau 5-6 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 (m\u1ed7i th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 25 n\u0103m), ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thay b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc cai tr\u1ecb. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV, Brazil b\u1ecb B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha chi\u1ebfm, ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Brazil. Nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Ph\u00e1p \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi nh\u01b0 B\u00e9nin, Togo, S\u00e9negan\u2026 d\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh duy nh\u1ea5t. N\u0103m 1918 n\u01b0\u1edbc ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ea1y ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p \u1edf l\u1edbp cu\u1ed1i ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, 10-20 n\u0103m sau to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc sinh trung h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 s\u1edf tr\u1edf l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p. N\u1ebfu c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf d\u0103m ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m n\u1eefa th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ebd Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng sau h\u01a1n 1.000 n\u0103m b\u1ecb b\u1ecdn phong ki\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb H\u00e1n h\u00f3a, v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f2i gi\u1ed1ng, ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i v\u00e0 phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n \u0110\u00e2y qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u01b0a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1ng t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta (n\u00f3i cho \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ta th\u00f4i, c\u00f2n ch\u00fang ta b\u00e2y gi\u1edd thua xa c\u00e1c c\u1ee5).<\/p>\n V\u00ec sao t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef3 t\u00edch \u1ea5y ? C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do d\u00e2n ta gi\u00e0u tinh th\u1ea7n y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 b\u1ec1n ch\u1eb7t, v.v\u2026 N\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f2n chung chung, n\u1ebfu \u0111i s\u00e2u ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 th\u00ec s\u1ebd gi\u00fap \u00edch h\u01a1n cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t huy c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng qu\u00fd b\u00e1u c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ta gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u0169 trang m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng t\u00e0i tr\u00ed. <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n Xin n\u00f3i th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t quan t\u00e2m v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ea1ng B\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ed9 (Baidu) c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u201cV\u00ec sao Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u01a1n 1.000 n\u0103m m\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a?\u201d<\/p>\n T\u1eeb h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n m\u1ea1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 chung m\u1ed9t th\u1eafc m\u1eafc l\u1edbn: V\u00ec sao b\u1ecb Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb l\u00e2u th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/em>? N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, h\u1ecd coi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a n\u1ed5i Vi\u1ec7t Nam. H\u1ecd t\u1ecf ra ti\u1ebfc nu\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Vi\u1ec7t Nam sau h\u01a1n 10 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, t\u1eebng d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m m\u00e0 r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef Latin h\u00f3a, ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Kinh.<\/p>\n Do hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft Vi\u1ec7t Nam r\u1ea5t \u00edt, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed hi\u1ec3u sai, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft d\u00e2n m\u1ea1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u1eafc m\u1eafc tr\u00ean, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecf ra am hi\u1ec3u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. H\u1ecd n\u00eau c\u00e1c l\u00fd do:<\/p>\n \u2013 V\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 H\u00e1n h\u00f3a cao(?), ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5c Trung Qu\u1ed1c;<\/p>\n \u2013 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1edf qu\u00e1 xa Trung nguy\u00ean, kh\u00ed h\u1eadu n\u00f3ng, quan l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n ng\u1ea1i sang Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, \u0111\u00e3 sang th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 lo l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u, kh\u00f4ng lo \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9;<\/p>\n \u2013 C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt tinh hoa Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 L\u01b0u Hy, H\u1ee9a T\u0129nh, H\u1ee9a T\u1eeb, Vi\u00ean Huy (\u5289\u7199\u3001\u8a31\u9756\u3001\u8a31\u6148\u3001\u8881\u5fbd<\/strong>) ch\u1ea1y lo\u1ea1n sang Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m Trung Qu\u1ed1c;<\/p>\n \u2013 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n di c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v.v\u2026<\/p>\n N\u00f3i chung h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y, hay c\u1ed1 \u00fd l\u1edd \u0111i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u1edf t\u00e0i tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd n\u00f3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec3u Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/em> l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang. Do s\u1edbm hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e2m hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a phong ki\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta n\u00ean t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ta \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 ra \u0111\u1ed1i s\u00e1ch. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1ch gi\u1eef g\u00ecn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ecb b\u1ecdn th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n.<\/p>\n M\u1ea5y ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m sau, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta t\u00f3m t\u1eaft b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u00f3i r\u1ea5t ch\u00ed l\u00fd: \u201cTi\u1ebfng ta c\u00f2n th\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc ta c\u00f2n!<\/em><\/strong>\u201d<\/p>\n Sau khi chi\u1ebfm n\u01b0\u1edbc ta (203 tr. CN), Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c d\u00e2n ta h\u1ecdc H\u00e1n ng\u1eef, nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m mu\u1ed9n nh\u1ea5t ch\u1eef H\u00e1n v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc ta.[1]<\/a> S\u00e1ch \u201cVi\u1ec7t gi\u00e1m Th\u00f4ng kh\u1ea3o T\u1ed5ng lu\u1eadn\u201d do L\u00ea Tung vi\u1ebft n\u0103m 1514 c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd Tri\u1ec7u m\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1y ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n.[2]<\/a> V\u1ec1 sau, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n cai tr\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec1u thi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a. Tri\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 Minh c\u00f2n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ta, nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau h\u1ee7y to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t vi\u1ebft, b\u1eaft nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i, th\u1ee3 gi\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t sang Trung Hoa ph\u1ee5c d\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm (tr\u01b0\u1edbc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7). Do hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n n\u00ean t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tinh hoa ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng nh\u1eadn ra n\u1ebfu c\u1ee9 h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ebd b\u1ecb thay b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n, d\u00e2n ta s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n V\u1eady cha \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c trong h\u01a1n 1.000 n\u0103m b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp thu nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Trung Hoa?<\/p>\n V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng qu\u00fd b\u00e1u c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin m\u1ea1o mu\u1ed9i g\u00f3p v\u00e0i \u00fd ki\u1ebfn n\u00f4ng c\u1ea1n, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 sai s\u00f3t mong qu\u00fd v\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t: M\u1ed9t s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ta<\/strong><\/p>\n Ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t minh l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Trung Hoa, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16 \u0111\u1ebfn 11 tr. CN), ng\u00e0y nay ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n.<\/p>\n Th\u1ef1c ra trong h\u01a1n 2.000 n\u0103m k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y ra \u0111\u1eddi, th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1eef \u5b57<\/strong> (t\u1ef1) ho\u1eb7c v\u0103n t\u1ef1 \u6587\u5b57<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VII) c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u6f22\u5b57<\/strong> (H\u00e1n t\u1ef1, t\u1ee9c ch\u1eef H\u00e1n<\/em>) m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u trong s\u00e1ch B\u1eafc S\u1eed \u5317\u53f2<\/strong> do L\u00fd Di\u00ean Th\u1ecd bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n.[3]<\/a> Sau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef n\u00e0y l\u00e0 H\u00e1n t\u1ef1: ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecdc Kanji<\/em>, ti\u1ebfng Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc Hantzu<\/em>. Cho t\u1edbi nay B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ef1 \u570b\u5b57<\/strong>.<\/p>\n V\u00ec th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef \u1ea5y khi v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 t\u00ean n\u00ean t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ta b\u00e8n \u0111\u1eb7t cho n\u00f3 c\u00e1i t\u00ean l\u00e0 ch\u1eef Nho<\/em><\/strong>, v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/em>, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd Nho \u5112<\/strong> l\u00e0 t\u1eeb d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc. D\u00e2n ta g\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea1y ch\u1eef l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ed3 Nho, b\u00fat v\u00e0 m\u1ef1c h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef l\u00e0 b\u00fat Nho v\u00e0 m\u1ef1c Nho.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n \u0110\u00e2y qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd H\u00e1n ng\u1eef x\u01b0a nay ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u1eef Nho; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n H\u00e1n ng\u1eef c\u1ed5 ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb Nho t\u1ef1 \u5112\u5b57<\/strong> v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef H\u00e1n.<\/p>\n C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ra: Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi x\u01b0a kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft (ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n, ch\u01b0a di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng), v\u00ec th\u1ebf khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tinh hoa c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ta \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 h\u1eefu \u00edch d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xa v\u00e0 l\u00e2u, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng tin b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i, do \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c m\u01b0\u1ee3n th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef n\u00e0y l\u00e0m ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta<\/em>.<\/p>\n Mu\u1ed1n v\u1eady d\u00e2n ta ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef. L\u00e0m cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi \u1edf th\u1eddi \u1ea5y. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u1ed5 kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc (v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3u \u00e2m), kh\u00f3 vi\u1ebft (v\u00ec c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u00e9t v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p), kh\u00f3 nh\u1edb (v\u00ec c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eef), thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef kh\u00f3 h\u1ecdc nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n N\u00f3i chung, m\u1ed7i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00e2m \u0111\u1ecdc; kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u1eef m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng v\u1eeba xem v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ecdc \u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ch\u1eef (\u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ea7m ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfng). M\u1ed7i ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n; mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e2m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef H\u00e1n kh\u00f3, tuy th\u1ebf t\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n s\u1ebd vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng do kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ng\u1eef \u00e2m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t n\u00f3i chung kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n.<\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i ra Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n; cho t\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eeda cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e2m \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef. Lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u00fd ngh\u0129a, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u00e2m \u0111\u1ecdc, cho n\u00ean nh\u00ecn ch\u1eef m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng xa nhau th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n theo \u00e2m kh\u00e1c nhau, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00e1c xa nhau, v\u00ec th\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u nhau n\u00f3i g\u00ec. C\u00e1c th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea5y ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef<\/em>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00f4n<\/em> (\u65b9\u8a00<\/strong>); H\u00e1n ng\u1eef hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef l\u1edbn, nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef nh\u1ecf (\u6b21\u65b9\u8a00<\/strong>).<\/p>\n Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e2m \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tai h\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n. V\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u0169ng v\u1eady: khi m\u1ed7i \u00f4ng th\u1ea7y T\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n theo m\u1ed9t \u00e2m kh\u00e1c nhau th\u00ec h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eef H\u00e1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n, t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tinh hoa c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ta \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng: n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n kh\u00e1c v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n theo \u00e2m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng, th\u00ec ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n theo \u00e2m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n Mu\u1ed1n v\u1eady, m\u1ed7i ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ta quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t (ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0i, t\u00f9y ch\u1eef H\u00e1n g\u1ed1c) \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c l\u00e0 \u00e2m ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u2014 ng\u00e0y nay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00e2m H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t<\/em><\/strong>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t cho m\u1ed9t (ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0i) c\u00e1i t\u00ean ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1eeb H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 ch\u1eef \u6c34<\/strong> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 ch\u1eef Th\u1ee7y<\/em>, \u00e2m \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ee7y<\/em> kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u00e2m \u0111\u1ecdc shu\u1ea9y<\/em> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n. Ch\u1eef \u8272<\/strong>, ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecdc s\u01b0a,<\/em> ta \u0111\u1ecdc s\u1eafc<\/em>. Th\u1ee7y<\/em> v\u00e0 S\u1eafc<\/em> l\u00e0 t\u1eeb H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u00e2m H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u6c34<\/strong>v\u00e0\u8272<\/strong>.<\/p>\n \u00c2m\/t\u1eeb H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng b\u00e1m s\u00e1t \u00e2m H\u00e1n ng\u1eef m\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ta t\u1eebng bi\u1ebft.[5]<\/a> Nh\u01b0 ch\u1eef \u7d42<\/strong>, \u00e2m H\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u00e2m H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecdc chung<\/em>, t\u1ee9c h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 nhau; ch\u1eef \u5b69<\/strong>, H\u00e1n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ecdc h\u00e1i<\/em>, ta \u0111\u1ecdc H\u00e0i<\/em>, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 nhau. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u00e2m H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c \u00e2m H\u00e1n. Nh\u01b0 \u96c6 \u00e2m H\u00e1n l\u00e0 ch\u00ed<\/em>, ta \u0111\u1ecdc T\u1eadp<\/em> ; \u5112<\/strong> gi\u00fa<\/em>, ta \u0111\u1ecdc Nho<\/em>. C\u00f3 ch\u1eef \u00e2m H\u00e1n nh\u01b0 nhau m\u00e0 \u00e2m H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 nhau ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0 \u540c<\/strong> v\u00e0 \u7ae5<\/strong>, \u00e2m H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 th\u00fang<\/em>, t\u1eeb H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed3ng<\/em> ; nh\u01b0ng \u7cfb<\/strong> v\u00e0 \u7d30<\/strong>, \u00e2m H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 xi<\/em>, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 hai t\u1eeb H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 H\u1ec7<\/em> v\u00e0 T\u1ebf<\/em>. Ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u00f3 hai ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u \u00e2m th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t, hai ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u \u00e2m\/t\u1eeb H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0 \u90fd<\/strong> c\u00f3 hai \u00e2m H\u00e1n l\u00e0 t\u00e2u<\/em> v\u00e0 tu<\/em>, l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00e2m\/t\u1eeb H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4<\/em> ; \u5c11<\/strong> c\u00f3 hai \u00e2m H\u00e1n sh\u1ea3o<\/em> v\u00e0 shao<\/em>, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 hai \u00e2m\/t\u1eeb H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec3u<\/em> (trong thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1) v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebfu<\/em> (trong thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean).<\/p>\n Th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng \u00e2m H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1eef Nho<\/em><\/strong>. V\u00ec \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb n\u00ean ch\u1eef Nho tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t: ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc m\u1eb7t ch\u1eef, ngh\u0129a ch\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft v\u0103n ch\u1eef H\u00e1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t \u00e2m c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ecdc nghe\/n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n. V\u00ec th\u1ebf th\u1eddi x\u01b0a \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n n\u01b0\u1edbc ta kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ebfm ng\u01b0\u1eddi 6-7 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef Nho.[6]<\/a> Nguy\u1ec5n Trung Ng\u1ea1n (1289-1370) 12 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed7 C\u1eed nh\u00e2n, 16 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed7 Ho\u00e0ng gi\u00e1p (Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec7ng c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ng\u1eafn c\u00f3 v\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec7u, nh\u01b0 Tam Thi\u00ean T\u1ef1.[7]<\/a><\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef Nho c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, vi\u1ebft v\u0103n ch\u1eef H\u00e1n; tuy kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i\/nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng b\u00fat \u0111\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec3 giao ti\u1ebfp b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n. Ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng b\u00fat \u0111\u00e0m ch\u1eef Nho, Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u giao ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m thanh ni\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Nam sang Nh\u1eadt h\u1ecdc qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n C\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh: v\u00ec \u00e2m\/t\u1eeb H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ghi \u00e2m h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft t\u1eeb ng\u1eef ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t cho n\u00ean c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n theo \u00e2m Vi\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a H\u00e1n ng\u1eef<\/em><\/strong>,[8]<\/a> v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ta v\u1eabn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n n\u00f3i v\u00e0 nghe b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n Ch\u1eef Nho ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi tinh hoa (tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 quan l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t) d\u00f9ng trong giao d\u1ecbch h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, ngo\u1ea1i giao, l\u1ec5 ti\u1ebft, ch\u00e9p s\u1eed, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, thi c\u1eed, s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c v\u0103n th\u01a1. C\u00f2n \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 ghi \u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef \u1ea5y, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 ghi \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb.<\/p>\n D\u0129 nhi\u00ean c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m v\u1edbi ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef bi\u1ec3u \u00fd (ghi \u00fd), ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m v\u1edbi ch\u1eef bi\u1ec3u \u00e2m (ghi \u00e2m). Ng\u00e0y nay \u00e2m\/t\u1eeb H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng vi\u1ebft ra b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef (m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef ghi \u00e2m), nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a, khi ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u1ea1i k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0o ghi \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i, t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u. Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 l\u1ea1 thay, vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y ch\u1eef Nho \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, \u1edf th\u1eddi Nguy\u1ec5n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn l\u00e0ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ra t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ta cao h\u01a1n Trung Qu\u1ed1c!<\/p>\n Ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec7ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t th\u1eddi x\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3<\/em><\/strong> \u2014 b\u1ed9 ch\u1eef n\u00e0y trong T\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Khang Hy (1716) c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 47 ngh\u00ecn ch\u1eef; Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung Qu\u1ed1c GB18030 (2005) c\u00f3 70.217 ch\u1eef; Trung Hoa T\u1ef1 h\u1ea3i c\u00f3 85.568 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n.<\/p>\n Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u00f3a ph\u1ea7n ng\u1eef \u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef H\u00e1n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/em><\/strong>. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1edf, do nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ta.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean c\u0169ng m\u01b0\u1ee3n d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebfn Trung Hoa nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111em ch\u1eef H\u00e1n v\u1ec1 d\u00f9ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u00e9p d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb s\u1edbm nh\u01b0 ta. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n theo \u00e2m b\u1ea3n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh \u2014 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t ngh\u0129 ra v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7<\/em>.<\/p>\n Nh\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Nguy\u1ec5n T\u00e0i C\u1ea9n n\u00f3i: \u201cC\u00e1ch \u0111o\u0323c H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta. C\u00f3 d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 khi \u0111o\u0323c \u0110a\u0323o \u0111\u01b0\u0301c kinh, Kinh Thi, S\u1edf t\u1eeb\u2026 th\u00ec m\u1edbi ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u00f3i quen d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Theo \u00fd ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, d\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch \u0111o\u0323c H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u01a1\u0300ng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc. \u0110o\u0323c theo l\u1ed1i H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t th\u00ec d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd ngay trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u0111a\u0303 c\u00f3 kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t quen thu\u1ed9c, ch\u1ec9 \u0111o\u0323c l\u00ean, nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; \u0111o\u0323c theo l\u1ed1i H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t th\u00ec c\u0169ng thu\u1eadn tai h\u01a1n\u2026 \u201d.[9]<\/a><\/p>\n \u0110\u00fang th\u1ebf. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 t\u1eeb \u793e\u6703<\/strong>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh bi\u1ebft H\u00e1n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ecdc sh\u01b0a hu\u00e2y<\/em>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft H\u00e1n ng\u1eef khi nghe \u00e2m \u0111\u1ecdc \u1ea5y s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng hi\u1ec3u g\u00ec; c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t bi\u1ebft H\u00e1n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ecdc \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft H\u00e1n ng\u1eef nghe \u0111\u1ecdc s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u ngay ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb; \u00e2m \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d thu\u1eadn tai, d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc d\u1ec5 nh\u1edb h\u01a1n \u00e2m sh\u01b0a hu\u00e2y<\/em>. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t th\u1eadt ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. Trong b\u00e0i sau, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd n\u00f3i th\u00eam v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n Ng\u00e0y nay m\u1ed7i ch\u1eef H\u00e1n trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ghi k\u00e8m t\u1eeb H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t T\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1u Ch\u1eedu c\u00f3 k\u00e8m B\u1ea3ng tra ch\u1eef theo \u00e2m H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t<\/em>, d\u00f9ng tra ch\u1eef H\u00e1n r\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nhanh h\u01a1n tra theo b\u1ed9 th\u1ee7. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0m B\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Quy (1915-1992), em ru\u1ed9t Thi\u1ec1u Ch\u1eedu, khi b\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n T\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n n\u00f3i tr\u00ean t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n n\u0103m 1966.[10]<\/a><\/p>\n Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n theo \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c m\u01b0\u1ee3n ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1eef Nho. S\u1ef1 vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n n\u00e0y ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 phong ph\u00fa h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 linh ho\u1ea1t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb ng\u1eef m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n Ch\u1eef Nho kh\u00e1c ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u1edf ph\u1ea7n ng\u1eef \u00e2m<\/em><\/strong>: n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n nh\u01b0 ch\u1eef ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n d\u00f9ng. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eef Nho l\u00e0 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u00f3a ph\u1ea7n ng\u1eef \u00e2m<\/em><\/strong>; c\u00f2n v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a ch\u1eef th\u00ec c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n. V\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecdi ch\u1eef Nho<\/em><\/strong> l\u00e0<\/em><\/strong> ch\u1eef H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u00f3a ph\u1ea7n ng\u1eef \u00e2m, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n. Ch\u1eef Nho l\u00e0 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta trong h\u01a1n 2.000 n\u0103m, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m mu\u1ed9n nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c cho t\u1edbi khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Nho ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn t\u00e1n th\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 \u0111i ti\u00ean phong \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef.<\/p>\n C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng \u00e2m\/t\u1eeb H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u giao ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng b\u00fat \u0111\u00e0m gi\u1eefa quan l\u1ea1i c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi quan l\u1ea1i c\u1ea5p cao ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n, khi\u1ebfn cho b\u1ecdn th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n v\u1eabn th\u1ef1c thi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cai tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp ch\u1eef H\u00e1n trong ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, t\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1ea1y ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n. V\u00ec v\u1eady ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00fd do c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf d\u00e2n ta ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc nghe\/n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Trung Qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edd l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n d\u00f9 c\u00f3 cai tr\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t Nam bao l\u00e2u th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 H\u00e1n h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc \u1ea5y, t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ta ch\u01b0a ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i!<\/p>\n \u0110\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch n\u00e0o ghi ch\u00e9p ai ngh\u0129 ra v\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng \u00e2m\/t\u1eeb H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 ra \u0111\u1eddi khi ch\u1eef H\u00e1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, t\u1ee9c mu\u1ed9n nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 2 \u2013 1 tr.CN.<\/p>\n C\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ng\u1eef \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e2m d\u1ea1y \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 8, 9.<\/p>\n N\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y theo ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t th\u00ec e r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: v\u1eady th\u00ec trong th\u1eddi gian kho\u1ea3ng ng\u00f3t 1000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o? \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n 9 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, qu\u00e1 th\u1eeba th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, khi \u1ea5y ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, sao c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t?<\/p>\n Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00ean theo ngh\u0129a: \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n nh\u1edd h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e2m d\u1ea1y \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 8 \u2013 9.<\/p>\n ***<\/p>\n C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a sau h\u01a1n 1.000 n\u0103m ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1 c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t huy b\u1ea3n l\u0129nh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ch\u1ed7 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, qua \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i phong ki\u1ebfn Trung Hoa.<\/p>\n C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra b\u1ea3n l\u0129nh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 987, nh\u00e0 T\u1ed1ng c\u1eed L\u00fd Gi\u00e1c\u674e\u89ba<\/strong> \u0111i s\u1ee9 sang Hoa L\u01b0, Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai v\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c s\u01b0 Khu\u00f4ng Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p Thu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp, \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 h\u1ecda th\u01a1. Khi v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, L\u00fd Gi\u00e1c t\u1eb7ng vua L\u00ea \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1, trong c\u00f3 c\u00e2u: \u201cThi\u00ean ngo\u1ea1i h\u1eefu thi\u00ean \u01b0ng vi\u1ec5n chi\u1ebfu \u5929\u5916\u6709\u5929\u61c9\u9060\u7167<\/strong>\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0: \u201cNgo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 tr\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, n\u00ean nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y\u201d. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi Trung Hoa m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam!<\/p>\n C\u00e2u th\u01a1 cho th\u1ea5y L\u00fd Gi\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eadn ra b\u1ea3n l\u0129nh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. \u0110\u00fang th\u1ebf, t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ta th\u1eadt v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e2u giang s\u01a1n t\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb9p n\u00e0y!<\/p>\n Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0nh l\u00e0 d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ef1 do hi\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i.<\/em><\/p>\n \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n [1]<\/a> N\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u201cmu\u1ed9n nh\u1ea5t\u201d v\u00ec c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0: ch\u1eef H\u00e1n v\u00e0o VN qua con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb l\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u01b0\u1edbc ta b\u1ecb Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm; VN \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng (Ho\u00e0ng H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n: Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 L\u00ea M\u1ea1nh Th\u00e1t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng).<\/p>\n [2]<\/a>\u5b8b\u4ee3\u4e2d\u8d8a\u6587\u5b66\u4ea4\u6d41\u8ff0\u8bba<\/strong> c\u00f3 c\u00e2u \u9ece\u5d69 \u201c<\/strong>\u8d8a\u9451\u901a\u8003\u7e3d\u8ad6\u201d<\/strong> vi\u1ebft : \u8d99\u4f57 \u201c<\/strong>\u5efa\u7acb\u5b78\u6821\uff0c\u5c0e\u4e4b\u7d93\u7fa9\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u5df2\u964d\uff0c\u56db\u767e\u4f59\u5e74\uff0c\u9817\u6709\u4f3c\u985e\u201d .<\/strong><\/p>\n [3]<\/a> B\u00e0i \u6c49\u5b57\u540d\u79f0\u7684\u6765\u7531<\/strong> (http:\/\/blog.sina.com.cn) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 vi\u1ebft: T\u1eeb\u00a0 H\u00e1n t\u1ef1<\/em>\u00a0 \u6f22\u5b57<\/strong> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm trong B\u1eafc s\u1eed, quy\u1ec3n 9 [bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n xong n\u0103m 659]. \u6c49\u5b57\u4e00\u8bcd\u65e9\u51fa\u81ea\u300a\u5317\u53f2\u300b\u5377\u4e5d\u672c\u7eaa\u7b2c\u4e5d, \u201c<\/strong>\u7ae0\u5b97\u4e00\u201d<\/strong>\uff1a\u201c<\/strong>\u5341\u516b\u5e74,<\/strong>\u5c01\u91d1\u6e90\u90e1\u738b.<\/strong>\u59cb\u4e60\u672c\u671d\u8bed\u8a00\u5c0f\u5b57, <\/strong>\u53ca\u6c49\u5b57\u7ecf\u4e66,<\/strong>\u4ee5\u8fdb\u58eb\u5b8c\u989c\u5321\u3001\u53f8\u7ecf\u5f90\u5b5d\u7f8e\u7b49\u4f8d\u8bfb\u201d.<\/strong> T\u1eeb H\u00e1n t\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u00e1ch Kim s\u1eed \u91d1\u53f2<\/strong> (n\u0103m 1345) \u0111\u1eddi Nguy\u00ean. \u1ede \u0111\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Thanh (1644-1911), th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u do ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ch\u1eef M\u00e3n<\/em> (\u6ee1\u6587<\/strong>) n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi ch\u1eef H\u00e1n<\/em> \u6f22\u5b57<\/strong> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n t\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n, nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ch\u1eef M\u00e3n.<\/p>\n [4]<\/a> C\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn n\u00f3i do th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y d\u00e2n ta h\u1ecdc Nho gi\u00e1o \u5112\u6559<\/strong> n\u00ean d\u00e2n ta g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1eef Nho. Nh\u01b0ng Nho \u5112<\/strong>v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc\u201d xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u, sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \u1ea5y v\u00e0o t\u1eeb Nho gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed. C\u00f9ng l\u00fd do \u1ea5y, ch\u1eef Kh\u1ed5ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed ra \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n [5]<\/a> Kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0o \u1edf TQ. Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0 nh\u1ea5t, nh\u00ec, sh\u1eadp, h\u1ecdc ch\u1eadp<\/em> khi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c ch\u1eef\u00a0 \u4e00\uff0c\u4e8c\uff0c\u5341\uff0c\u5b78\u7fd2<\/strong> (\u00e2m H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1ea5t, nh\u1ecb, th\u1eadp, h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp<\/em>).<\/p>\n [6]<\/a> Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 Hu\u1ef3nh Th\u00fac Kh\u00e1ng (1876-1947) 8 tu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef Nho, 13 tu\u1ed5i v\u0103n hay ch\u1eef t\u1ed1t, 24 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eadu Gi\u1ea3i Nguy\u00ean, 28 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eadu \u0110\u1ec7 tam gi\u00e1p Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129. Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u (1867-1940) 6 tu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdc ba ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng 1440 ch\u1eef Nho trong Tam T\u1ef1 Kinh<\/em>. Tr\u1ea7n Gia Minh t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 s\u00e1ch Huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i Kim thi\u1ebfp V\u0169 M\u00f4n<\/em> 5-6 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef Nho truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00f4ng m\u00f9 l\u00f2a.<\/p>\n [7]<\/a> Do nh\u00e0 Nho \u0110o\u00e0n Trung C\u00f2n s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i v\u00e8 d\u00e0i, m\u1ed7i c\u00e2u hai \u00e2m, \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00ean c\u00f3 v\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec7u d\u1ec5 nh\u1edb.<\/p>\n [8]<\/a> N\u0103m 1867, G. Aubaret trong cu\u1ed1n Grammaire annamite<\/em> t\u1eebng sai l\u1ea7m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cTi\u1ebfng b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n n\u00f3i trong v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c An Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Trung Qu\u1ed1c\u201d (tr\u00edch d\u1eabn theo Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb Ki\u1ec1u Ly trong \u201cGhi \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef\u201d, s\u00e1ch \u201cTi\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t 6\u201d, Nxb Tri Th\u1ee9c, 2015).<\/p>\n