{"id":2695,"date":"2016-09-24T12:09:41","date_gmt":"2016-09-24T05:09:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/?p=2695"},"modified":"2016-09-27T15:41:10","modified_gmt":"2016-09-27T08:41:10","slug":"nguoi-man-di-hien-dai-nguyen-van-vinh-va-tinh-phuc-tap-cua-cong-cuoc-hien-dai-hoa-thuoc-dia-o-viet-nam-phan-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/?p=2695","title":{"rendered":"\u201cNG\u01af\u1edcI MAN DI HI\u1ec6N \u0110\u1ea0I\u201d Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam – Ph\u1ea7n 2"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ph\u1ea7n 1<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh.\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 in<\/u><\/h3>\n

Cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1920, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn canh t\u00e2n v\u0103n h\u00f3a h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1907, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ea1nh d\u1ea1n nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0nh in hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u1ec1 b\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u00d4ng V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u00e0 \u00f4ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p. B\u00e1o ch\u00ed, d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt, s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u v\u00e0 phim \u1ea3nh s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee9 v\u0169 kh\u00ed m\u1edbi trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh n\u00e0y (m\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb).<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1 in \u1ea5n ngay trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n l\u00e2u n\u0103m v\u1edbi Ernest Babut, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1edbi F.H.Schneider, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 in n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi b\u00e1o ch\u00ed b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap cho Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh s\u1edbm n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 b\u00e1o. Kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1910, do c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Schneider, \u00f4ng l\u1eadp ra Ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o khoa th\u01b0 x\u00e3<\/em>. Ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n s\u00e1ch in b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, nh\u1eb1m nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1920, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi E.Vayrac \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t s\u00e1ch c\u00f2n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 \u00c2u T\u00e2y t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/em>. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1c tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p t\u1eeb Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf ti\u1ec1n t\u00fai \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt in \u1ea5n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi gi\u1ea5y in, m\u1ef1c in, h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u t\u1eeb Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<\/p>\n

Khi \u00f4ng sang Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1922, \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u201ctr\u1ed1n\u201d kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1edbi l\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea5u x\u1ea3o thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y v\u00e0 tr\u00f3i ch\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ed5 h\u1ee7 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t gh\u00e9t, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m \u0111i t\u00ecm mua s\u1eafm nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb m\u1edbi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 in \u1ea5n. \u00d4ng l\u1eb7n l\u1ed9i sang c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f2 m\u1eabm(29)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt<\/u><\/h3>\n

Nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u1ea5n lo\u00e1t n\u00e0y, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 lao v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u trong m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u00f3a tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng d\u1ecbch c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh thu\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam (sau Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd v\u00e0 Hu\u1ef3nh T\u1ecbnh C\u1ee7a) \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1edd d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt \u0111em l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eafc m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\"truong-hoc-o-vung-que-bac-bo\"<\/a>Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u1edf v\u00f9ng qu\u00ea B\u1eafc B\u1ed9<\/em><\/p>\n

Qua vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng hy v\u1ecdng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y s\u1ebd t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u01b0u t\u00fa c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m sang, Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i, L\u00e3o h\u00e0 ti\u1ec7n, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec3n l\u1eadn, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ec7nh t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/em> c\u1ee7a Moli\u00e8re, Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb kh\u1ed1n n\u1ea1n<\/em> c\u1ee7a Victor Hugo, Truy\u1ec7n ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n<\/em> c\u1ee7a La Fontaine, Ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh Ng\u1ef1 l\u00e2m ph\u00e1o th\u1ee7<\/em> c\u1ee7a Alexandre Dumas, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh nh\u01b0 Qui-li-ve du k\u00fd<\/em> c\u1ee7a Jonathan Swift v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta bi\u1ebft, r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t khi \u00f4ng b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3. Song, d\u01b0\u1edbi con m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y sang m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c, \u0111i xuy\u00ean qua nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn cho h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n giao v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi \u201cti\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba\u201d. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y th\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac gi\u1eefa s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n \u00c1 v\u00e0 \u00c2u, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao, gi\u00fap nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch kia tr\u1edf n\u00ean g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Kh\u1ed5ng;<\/p>\n

V\u1eady l\u00e0, ch\u00ednh c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u0103n h\u00f3a r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f2n n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n th\u1ebf. B\u1ed7ng nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi l\u1ea1 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u \u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng ra l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3, \u1eaft s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft l\u1eabn nhau. D\u00f9 cho ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y nhi\u1ec1u trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u0103ng l\u00ean su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i v\u1eady, th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng t\u0103ng l\u00ean sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 Nh\u1ea5t. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau?!<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 sau: N\u0103m 1916, t\u1eadp Truy\u1ec7n ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a La Fontaine<\/em> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 2.000 b\u1ea3n, r\u1ed3i n\u0103m 1928 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 5.000 b\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 v\u1eabn con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1951. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Ba ch\u00e0ng ng\u1ef1 l\u00e2m ph\u00e1o th\u1ee7<\/em>, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1927 l\u00e0 2.000 b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00fang, nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng, s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec1n tay gi\u1eefa m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1ea1n b\u00e8, h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng v\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c cho m\u01b0\u1ee3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 t\u01b0. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t l\u00fac n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u qu\u00e1 kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb h\u01a1n \u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, h\u1ecd ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p h\u01a1n, h\u1ecd th\u00edch \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p. V\u1eady nh\u01b0ng, theo l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ea3n nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ca ng\u1ee3i s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh khi \u00f4ng c\u1ea3i bi\u00ean ho\u1eb7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trong s\u00e1ch, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u nh\u1ecf v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh c\u00f2n gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. N\u1ebfu Nh\u1ea5t Linh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u01b0u ti\u00ean l\u00e0m v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng h\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb-x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh khi ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c v\u1edf k\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch sang Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc, th\u00ec h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0, \u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m mang t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i sang tinh th\u1ea7n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i tr\u00e0o l\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1i h\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1i m\u00e1nh kh\u00f3e m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n thay cho ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5, ta th\u1ea5y Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 gay g\u1eaft ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 vua quan nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft \u00f4ng ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam! Ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean \u00f4ng ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch t\u1eadp Truy\u1ec7n ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n <\/em>(1668) c\u1ee7a La Fontaine, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft La Fontaine \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y vai c\u00e1c con v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3 k\u00edch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 Vua v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1eadn th\u1ea7n. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Moli\u00e8re, La Fontaine coi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea7y r\u1eaby nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0103n b\u00e1m v\u00e0 l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam s\u1ef1 b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng kh\u1ed1n qu\u1eabn c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, trong l\u00fac h\u1ecd v\u1eabn ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng v\u1edf h\u00e0i k\u1ecbch v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3 k\u00edch v\u00e0o c\u00e1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00fac v\u1eadt, th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf di\u1ec5u s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tham nh\u0169ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 l\u0169 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ecbnh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Moli\u00e8re, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng khoan nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh c\u0169ng chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u00e0i x\u00edch v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1ea5y. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t \u0111i t\u1eeb t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Gulliver du k\u00fd<\/em> c\u1ee7a Jonathan Swift. Nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1n Telesmaque phi\u00eau l\u01b0u k\u00fd <\/em>c\u1ee7a F\u00e9nelon c\u0169ng v\u1eady, cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng b\u1ecb vua Louis 14 c\u1ea5m ngay sau khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1699, v\u00ec b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 di\u1ec5u c\u1ee3t v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ea5y n\u0103m, F\u00e9nelon \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c \u201cth\u01b0 g\u1eedi vua Louis 14\u201d, <\/em>b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00f2ng vo, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng \u00fap m\u1edf v\u00e0o th\u1eb3ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u201cc\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh c\u0169ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i l\u0169 tham quan \u1edf x\u1ee9 An Nam, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 B\u1eafc k\u1ef3 (\u00f4ng quan ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady). Th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 tin r\u1eb1ng, nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a F\u00e9nelon trong cu\u1ed1n Telesmaque phi\u00eau l\u01b0u k\u00fd<\/em> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed1t, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 g\u00ec v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh, v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb l\u00e2u, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 k\u1ebb lu\u00f4n h\u01b0\u1edbng theo nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Ph\u00e1p, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 h\u1ecd t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n<\/em> v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i Tam \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/em>. Vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng d\u1ecbch cu\u1ed1n Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5<\/em> c\u1ee7a Victor Hugo, c\u00f2n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 \u0111ang ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 (30)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb Ph\u00e1p ng\u1eef. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201c\u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a\u201d. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1909, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Phan K\u1ebf B\u00ednh, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 cho xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch b\u1ed9 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n Trung Hoa Tam Qu\u1ed1c ch\u00ed di\u1ec5n ngh\u0129a<\/em> b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng d\u1ecbch t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Du Kim V\u00e2n ki\u1ec1u <\/em>v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c l\u00e0 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m. Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean xem \u0111i xem l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y t\u1eeb n\u0103m n\u00e0y qua n\u0103m kh\u00e1c. N\u0103m 1923, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in l\u1ea1i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 b\u1ea9y v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 30.000 b\u1ea3n. Qua th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y, ta th\u1ea5y Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00e1p \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u00f2n gi\u00fap cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed tr\u1edb tr\u00eau, b\u1edfi sau khi ch\u1eef N\u00f4m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o h\u1ecd b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1ea5y, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi \u00f4ng c\u1ed5 x\u00fay cho ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 cao l\u00f2ng tin v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. Nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m: vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Kim V\u00e2n Ki\u1ec1u<\/em> sang Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef theo d\u1ea1ng truy\u1ec1n vi\u1ebft, thay v\u00ec truy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec7ng. C\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean mang \u0111\u1ea7y \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00f3 ra ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Kim V\u00e2n Ki\u1ec1u<\/em> l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh, khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 phim truy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i n\u0103m 1924, nh\u1edd Paul Thierry v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u1edfng phim Indochine Films et Cin\u00e9ma<\/em> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng (32)<\/sup>. Sau \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ed9 phim n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111i chi\u1ebfu kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean du nh\u1eadp s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u0103m 1920, khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u c\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n v\u1edf k\u1ecbch Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/em>. Vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i v\u1edf k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Moli\u00e8re sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1920 v\u00e0 1930, lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n song song c\u00f9ng nh\u1ecbp v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n

V\u1eady nh\u01b0ng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb c\u00f2n \u0111i xa h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh, thay v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i bi\u00ean t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u1edf k\u1ecbch hay ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam qua c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch, nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn s\u1ef9 m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 V\u0169 Tr\u1ecdng Ph\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 Nh\u1ea5t Linh \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng v\u1edf k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i<\/p>\n

( Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng Vang <\/em>c\u1ee7a V\u0169 Tr\u1ecdng Ph\u1ee5ng) v\u00e0 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 quan l\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam qua cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft ( \u0110o\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t<\/em> c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea5t Linh). Ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 khi n\u00e0o m\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng hoan ngh\u00eanh th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp tr\u1ebb \u0111i sau \u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u00f4ng. Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea7m khi \u00f4ng v\u1eabn t\u1ef1 coi m\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung gian duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i, dung h\u00f2a c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt gi\u1eefa ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, khi ch\u00fa t\u00e2m d\u1ecbch c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc thu\u1ea7n Vi\u1ec7t. Nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 h\u00e0i k\u1ecbch, bi k\u1ecbch, s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 nh\u1eefng di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t nam, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1 phong ph\u00fa, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111ang kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp thu n\u00f3. \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n tr\u00e0o ph\u00fang, ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Moli\u00e8re, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh t\u01b0\u1edfng, Tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m sang<\/em> l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m sang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1670, ch\u1ebf di\u1ec5u m\u1ed9t g\u00e3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb gi\u00e0u m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i, g\u00e3 Jourdain tai ti\u1ebfng, lu\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 b\u0103n kho\u0103n l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 leo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean n\u1ea5c thang x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cao nh\u1ea5t, ch\u1ec9 m\u00ea m\u1ea3i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1ch l\u1ed1i n\u1ef1c c\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, g\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng chi nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n k\u1ebfch x\u00f9, h\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1i phong c\u00e1ch, l\u1ec1 th\u00f3i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u0103n minh, nh\u1eefng cung c\u00e1ch l\u1ecbch thi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i g\u00e3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p, m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0103n minh xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng ta. Theo nh\u01b0 Alexander Woodside t\u1eebng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng: Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn v\u1ecb Tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3 Ph\u00e1p<\/em> \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean quan Vi\u1ec7t n\u1ef1c c\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u1ed1 l\u0103ng, ch\u1eb3ng thua k\u00e9m g\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00e3 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3 Ph\u00e1p<\/em> \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e2y, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 n\u00ean hay kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean m\u1eb7c b\u1ed9 \u00e1o d\u00e0i l\u1ec5 ph\u1ee5c trong c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 t\u00e2n…Nh\u01b0 Woodside \u0111\u00e3 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn :<\/p>\n

\u201cH\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh l\u1ed1 l\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tay tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111ang lung lay, dao \u0111\u1ed9ng (hay l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 g\u00e3) \u0111ang t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch c\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f2i nh\u1eefng l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a cung c\u00e1ch v\u0103n minh h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 b\u1eadn t\u00e2m v\u00e0 tham v\u1ecdng chung c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00ed \u00edt, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 cho c\u00e1i tr\u1ef1c c\u1ea3m chung c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9, ngay c\u00e1c tr\u00f2 h\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a g\u00e3 Jourdain c\u1ee7a Moli\u00e8re c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o cho h\u1ecd chi\u1ebfc ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 kh\u00f4n ngoan h\u01a1n, bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u h\u01a1n trong h\u00e0nh x\u1eed\u201d<\/em> (31)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh, ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/strong><\/p>\n

Th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t t\u1edd b\u00e1o in Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i-v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh b\u1eaft tay th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c La tinh h\u00f3a, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u1ef9 D\u00f2ng t\u00ean B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u1ef9 Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. P\u00e9trus Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh b\u00e1o<\/em> l\u00e0 t\u1edd b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 in b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ch\u1eef Nho.<\/p>\n

V\u1eady nh\u01b0ng, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y \u0111i xa h\u01a1n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. Suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ngay tr\u00ean trang nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Kim V\u00e2n Ki\u1ec1u<\/em>, r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef !<\/p>\n

Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9ng minh cho l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y. N\u0103m 1907, \u00f4ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u1edd \u0110\u0103ng c\u1ed5 T\u00f9ng b\u00e1o<\/em> l\u00e0 F.H.Schneider \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb Ph\u00e1p ng\u1eef sang Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c canh t\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u00d4ng V\u0129nh c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Schneider v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1908-1909-1910 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m hai t\u1edd b\u00e1o ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 Notre Journal<\/em> v\u00e0 Notre Revue<\/em>, cho d\u00f9 hai t\u1edd b\u00e1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft y\u1ec3u. N\u0103m 1910, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Schneider l\u00e0m cho t\u1edd L\u1ee5c T\u1ec9nh T\u00e2n v\u0103n<\/em>, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1edd b\u00e1o n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng nhau tr\u1edf ra ngo\u00e0i B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1edd \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed<\/em> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng (1913-1916). T\u1edd b\u00e1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi hai m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n do Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, t\u1edd b\u00e1o c\u1ed5 v\u0169 cho tinh th\u1ea7n h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c Ph\u00e1p-Nam \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a-x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t d\u1eef d\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7t ng\u00e3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u1edd b\u00e1o ra \u0111\u1eddi s\u1edbm \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 Nh\u1ea5t, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh c\u00f9ng Schneider \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh t\u1edd b\u00e1o Trung B\u1eafc T\u00e2n v\u0103n<\/em> (1917-1942), \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u1edd b\u00e1o ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef ra h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u00d4ng c\u00f2n h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn cho nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1edd b\u00e1o Nam<\/em> h\u1ecdc Ni\u00ean kh\u00f3a<\/em>, sau \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh H\u1ecdc b\u00e1o<\/em> (1919). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1eadp san gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ecdc sinh.<\/p>\n

Kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh mong mu\u1ed1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f4ng l\u00ean, nh\u1eb1m truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1917, c\u00f3 75.000 h\u1ecdc sinh, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1921, c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y kho\u1ea3ng 150.000 (34)<\/sup>. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1931, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh \u1edf x\u1ee9 B\u1eafc k\u1ef3, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn s\u1ebd c\u00f3 10.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi (35)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\u1ede t\u1edd b\u00e1o \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed<\/em>, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m b\u00e0i c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung v\u1ec1 v\u1ec7 sinh, y t\u1ebf, th\u1ec3 thao, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, th\u1eddi s\u1ef1…Ch\u00fang ta ch\u01b0a l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed <\/em>v\u00e0 Trung B\u1eafc T\u00e2n v\u0103n<\/em>. Nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 tr\u00ean t\u1edd b\u00e1o L\u2019Annam Nouveau-ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam m\u1edbi – r\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00f4ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn kinh ng\u1ea1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Nh\u01b0ng Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh c\u00f2n quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p \u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00ea h\u1ed3n v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt d\u00e2n gian, v\u1ec1 chi\u00eam tinh h\u1ecdc, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tr\u00f2 may r\u1ee7i trong c\u1edd b\u1ea1c, v\u1ec1 \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c, v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea5y khai sinh, v\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ea7u kho\u00e1n. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cv\u0103n minh h\u00f3a phong t\u1ee5c\u201d c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam(36)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 gi\u1ea5u di\u1ebfm: \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed<\/em> ra \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111ang d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c in \u1ea5n, b\u00ed m\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c in truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01a1n v\u00e0 b\u00e1o ch\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt sai l\u1ea7m khi ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u1eabn l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Moli\u00e8re trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ch\u00fang ta \u00edt bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o m\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u00e0 l\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1m quan l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi \u201cv\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n\u201d, h\u1eb3n ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 \u1edf l\u00e0ng qu\u00ea c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u00e1ng s\u1ed1ng \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. M\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch l\u0169y th\u00eam khi \u00f4ng d\u1ecbch h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u1ed7i c\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1i h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n. D\u00f9 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh, \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n Vi\u1ec7t nam, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u1ec1 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n(37)<\/sup>. \u0110\u00fang nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1934 nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

\u201cN\u1ebfu t\u00f4i c\u1ee9 lo toan gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1edd b\u00e1o ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, th\u00ec ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o ngh\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta\u201d(<\/sup><\/em>38)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

R\u1ea5t \u00edt tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c theo ki\u1ec3u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y,\u00a0 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. Gi\u1edbi quan l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u1ecb c\u00f4ng k\u00edch d\u1eef d\u1ed9i trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng V\u0129nh; \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ai l\u00ean \u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p khoan h\u00f2a, che ch\u1eafn(39)<\/sup>. Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh l\u00ean \u00e1n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f2i b\u00fat th\u00e9p, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean t\u1edd b\u00e1o L\u2019Annam Nouveau<\/em>(40) <\/sup>(N\u01b0\u1edbc Nam M\u1edbi).<\/p>\n

C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u00f4ng kh\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng tri c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam khi \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, b\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tinh hoa nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 can d\u1ef1, c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. \u00d4ng V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i cho nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i to\u00e1n m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng tham kh\u1ea3o \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n nh\u01b0 Pierre Gourou, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t h\u00f2ng gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n(41)<\/sup>. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng khoa h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o, t\u00e0i tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch cho d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng(42)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed3ng thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 v\u00e0 d\u1ec7t l\u1ee5a t\u01a1 t\u1eb1m. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i cho vay v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 thu\u1ebf, nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00ed h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch cho nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng xa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1[2]<\/a>. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 n\u00eau chi ti\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh, l\u00e0 trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u00e1o ch\u00ed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng \u1edf th\u00f4n qu\u00ea v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed5 h\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c trong suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady; nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng t\u1ec7 n\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Chinh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cv\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u00e2n c\u00e0y\u201d.<\/p>\n

B\u00e1o ch\u00ed d\u01b0\u1edbi con m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u00f2n v\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7. \u00d4ng mu\u1ed1n nh\u01b0 Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh, \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m khoa h\u1ecdc, kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 c\u00f3. Hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, v\u1edbi suy ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng, v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n h\u1ecd s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00e1p th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n trong qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang d\u00e2n An Nam, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, \u00f4ng V\u0129nh vi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh t\u1ea3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 gia t\u0103ng t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao t\u00ednh c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u1ed5 v\u0169 cho vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n(44)<\/sup>. \u00d4ng mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n. \u00d4ng vi\u00eat th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 ng\u1eef \u00e2m, v\u1ec1 phi\u00ean \u00e2m, v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i bi\u00ean v\u00e0 khi d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n ra ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch \u0111i d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Kim V\u00e2n Ki\u1ec1u<\/em>. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 r\u1ea5t h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i tr\u00ean t\u1edd L\u2019Annam Nouveau<\/em>, khi\u1ebfn cho t\u1edd b\u00e1o tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n h\u00e0n l\u00e2m Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

Qua con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a t\u1edd b\u00e1o ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p L\u2019Annam Nouveau<\/em>, \u00f4ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u1ed3ng \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p; Theo Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 hai chi\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p c\u00e1i h\u1ed1 s\u00e2u ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf(45)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

H\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n 2<\/strong><\/p>\n

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————-<\/p>\n

*<\/em><\/strong> Ti\u1ebfn s\u1ef9 Christopher E. Goscha, qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch M\u1ef9, chuy\u00ean gia nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. C\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng B\u00e1c c\u1ed5 Ph\u00e1p. Hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean khoa \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Montreal-Canada<\/em>. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean RFHOM, T.88, s\u1ed1 332-333 (2001).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Le bourgeois gentilhomme, Les femmes savantes, L\u2019Avare, Le malade imaginaire \u2013 Les mis\u00e9rables \u2013 Les fables de La Fontaine \u2013 Les trois mousquetaires \u2013 Le voyage de Gulliver. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ean kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00ean t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh (ND.).<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh, \u201cT\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n\u201d, AN<\/em>, 24-8-1933, v\u00e0 \u201cD\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp qu\u0129 t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng\u00a0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u01b0u ti\u00ean\u201d, AN<\/em>, 9-11-1933.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

29<\/strong> Qu\u1ed1c Anh, \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ed5 v\u0169 cho \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh\u201d, Tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb ch\u1ee7 nh\u1eadt<\/em>, ng\u00e0y 31-12-1995.<\/p>\n

30<\/strong> V\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, xem t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Shawn McHale, Print and Power: Buddhism, Confucianism and Communism in the Making of Modern Vietnam<\/em> (B\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c: Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n trong vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam), s\u1eafp xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

T.14 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\/t.<\/u><\/p>\n

31<\/strong> Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh, \u201cL\u00e0ng qu\u00ea v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb\u201d, AN<\/em>, ng\u00e0y 25-3-1934.<\/p>\n

32<\/strong> Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh, \u201cB\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba\u201d, AN<\/em>, 23-2-1933.<\/p>\n

33<\/strong> T\u1edd Trung B\u1eafc t\u00e2n v\u0103n<\/em> b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n t\u1edd L\u2019Annam Nouveau<\/em>.<\/p>\n

34<\/strong> Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh, \u201cC\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n\u201d, AN<\/em>, 28-1-1934.<\/p>\n

35<\/strong> Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh, \u201cV\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch trong l\u00e0ng qu\u00ea ch\u00fang ta\u201d, AN<\/em>, 2-7-1933, v\u00e0 \u201cN\u01b0\u1edbc trong l\u00e0ng\u201d, AN<\/em>, 13-8-1933.<\/p>\n

36<\/strong> Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh, \u201cT\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n\u201d, AN<\/em>, 24-8-1933, v\u00e0 \u201cD\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp qu\u0129 t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng\u00a0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u01b0u ti\u00ean\u201d, AN<\/em>, 9-11-1933.<\/p>\n

37<\/strong> Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh, \u201cCh\u00ednh t\u1ea3 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef\u201d, AN<\/em>, 25-9-1932, 29-9-1932.<\/p>\n

38<\/strong> Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh, \u201cC\u00e1c danh t\u1eeb Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u201d, AN<\/em>, 21-4-1931, 25-4-1931, 28-4-1931.<\/p>\n

39<\/strong> Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Th\u00e1i Lan th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, hay d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00e1c. N\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00e0nh thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. V\u1ec1 Th\u00e1i Lan, xem b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Thongchai Winichakul, \u201c\u0110i t\u00ecm v\u0103n minh: B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 v\u0103n minh cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 \u1edf Xi\u00eam\u201d, The Journal of Asian Studies<\/em>, t\u1eadp 59, s\u1ed1 3 (2000), tr. 528-549.<\/p>\n

40<\/strong> M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u00e1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Norbert Elias th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, Civilisation des moeurs<\/em>, Paris, Calman-L\u00e9vy, 1999, t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai.<\/p>\n

41<\/strong> Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh, \u201cV\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trang ph\u1ee5c\u201d, AN<\/em>, 3-11-1932.<\/p>\n

42<\/strong> Elias, s\u0111d<\/em>, v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh v\u0103n minh.<\/p>\n

43<\/strong> Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u00e1i Lan \u1edf mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y, hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u-M\u1ef9 mu\u1ed1n cho \u201cth\u1ed5 d\u00e2n Da \u0111\u1ecf\u201d m\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n

44<\/strong> Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh, \u201cV\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trang ph\u1ee5c\u201d, s\u0111d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

45<\/strong> Gi-Wook Shin v\u00e0 Michael Robinson (ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean), Colonial modernity in Korea<\/em>, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1999.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u1ea2nh minh h\u1ecda trong to\u00e0n b\u00e0i c\u1ee7a BBT.Tannamtu.com<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ph\u1ea7n 1 Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh.\u00a0 Nh\u00e0 in Cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1920, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn canh t\u00e2n v\u0103n h\u00f3a h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1907, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ea1nh d\u1ea1n nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0nh in […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":1900,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[26,139,23,97,87,95,105,32,42,27,107,93,22,20,30,138,108,106,86,109,53,55,34,33,156,94,96,54,28,31,100,51,24,8,99,21,25,36,98,110],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/nguyn-vn-vnh.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2695"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/31"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2695"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2695\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2721,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2695\/revisions\/2721"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1900"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2695"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2695"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2695"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}