\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ghi nh\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn l\u1edbn lao v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. S\u1ef1 vinh danh h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh l\u00e0 DANH NH\u00c2N V\u0102N H\u00d3A, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i nh\u1eefng tranh c\u00e3i kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n
Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tri \u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1eadu th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1eadc hi\u1ec1n t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n
C\u1ee5 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n T\u1ed1<\/p>\n \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi cung c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u, b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00ed s\u1ef9 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n T\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh l\u00e0 ai? do NXB Tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh n\u0103m 2013 t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t: nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o Ph\u1ea1m To\u00e0n<\/em>.<\/p>\n Hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh: nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Nguy\u00ean Ng\u1ecdc<\/em>.<\/p>\n Ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt: BBT Tannamtu.com.<\/em><\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec3 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i trong vi\u1ec7c theo d\u00f5i do b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft d\u00e0i, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft ra ba ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh l\u00e0 ai? <\/em>Do Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Tr\u00ed Th\u1ee9c \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh n\u0103m 2013. Nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 nguy\u00ean v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n BBT Tannamtu.com m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa xin th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt c\u1ea3m \u01a1n Ti\u1ebfn s\u1ef9 Christopher Goscha c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Montreal Canada, v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng qu\u00fd tr\u1ecdng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh, n\u0103m 2009 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp trao t\u1eb7ng cho ch\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7m trang th\u00f4ng tin Tannamtu.com, \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n L\u00e2n B\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n Tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng!<\/p>\n H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, ng\u00e0y 20. 4. 2016.<\/p>\n S\u1ef0 NGHI\u1ec6P NGUY\u1ec4N V\u0102N V\u0128NH<\/strong><\/p>\n Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n T\u1ed1<\/strong> \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cTin t\u1ee9c – H\u1ed9i T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0110\u00f4ng kinh\u201d, cu\u1ed1n s\u1ed1 16 : s\u1ed11 v\u00e0 2, t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng S\u00e1u n\u0103m 1936.<\/em><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 5 v\u1eeba r\u1ed3i, khi h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111i m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh(1)<\/a> m\u00e0 h\u1ecd v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng tr\u1ecdng v\u1ecdng, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng li\u00eau, b\u00e8 b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1eafn b\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn phong tr\u00e0o t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam \u0111\u1ec1u x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e2u xa. B\u1edfi v\u00ec ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i Thi\u1ec7n<\/em> v\u00e0 c\u00e1i D\u0169ng <\/em>\u0111\u00e3 v\u1eeba t\u1eaft theo con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u00ed ch\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 cao c\u1ea3 \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n V\u1eady m\u00e0, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfc th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed5i thay n\u1ebfp suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 n\u1ebfp c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p; ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y \u00f4ng c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ngh\u0129 ra; nh\u01b0ng, nh\u1edd \u1edf c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t cao qu\u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, c\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kia, th\u00ec \u00f4ng c\u0169ng d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p. \u0110\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a s\u00e2u xa v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf, \u2013 trong c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch cho “ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p am hi\u1ec3u t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam am hi\u1ec3u tinh th\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p”, \u2013 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng lao th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, thay v\u00ec l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m, hay c\u00f3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng(2)<\/a>, th\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch mang c\u00e1i s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ph\u01a1i b\u1ea7y ra cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng th\u1ea5y m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n Trong th\u1ebf \u0111a d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y duy\u00ean d\u00e1ng, cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh bi\u1ebft bao th\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em ra nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, t\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Tr\u00ed Tri n\u01a1i \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1914 \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1edd T\u00e2n h\u1ecdc V\u0103n t\u1eadp <\/em>(ph\u1ee5 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a t\u1edd \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed, <\/em>c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb 42 \u0111\u1ebfn 85, ra t\u1eeb 5 th\u00e1ng ba \u0111\u1ebfn 31 th\u00e1ng m\u01b0\u1eddi hai n\u0103m 1914)(3)<\/a>, th\u00ec ta c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u00f4ng trong vai tr\u00f2 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch hai nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 kh\u1ecfi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u1ea5y th\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n \u2663 \u2663 \u2663<\/p>\n Trong ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f3i v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng vang l\u00ean v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai t\u00f2 m\u00f2 mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. S\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh ch\u00fang ta, h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1edbn t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, l\u1ea1i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam ta \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd, \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u00f2n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00eam v\u00e0 phong ph\u00fa th\u00eam, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t huy\u1ebft trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u00e2n h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea5y, m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu thi\u1ebfu ch\u00fang th\u00ec m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng th\u1ea7y d\u00f9 gi\u1ecfi giang uy\u00ean b\u00e1c t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng kham n\u1ed5i c\u00e1i s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh \u1ea5y, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 v\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu ch\u00fang \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u00f4ng sao cho th\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang, ta ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i bi\u1ebft bao nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m th\u1eadt c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1t di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc An Nam n\u00e0y, ngay sau khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft tin \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi. Kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i n\u01a1i, \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng c\u00f9ng chung m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i \u1ea5y, c\u1ea3 trong nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i ra c\u1eeda mi\u1ec7ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng th\u1ea7m th\u00ec c\u1ee7a hai, ba ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i sau linh c\u1eefu \u00f4ng. T\u1ea1i bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u01b0a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ea5t \u1ea5y, c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o b\u00e0 con d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng tham gia \u00a0trong c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111o\u00e0n m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng ra th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng li\u00eau c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 trong s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia tang l\u1ec5, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh c\u0169 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong H\u1ed9i T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ebf Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u1eebng t\u1edbi b\u00ean \u00f4ng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t l\u00fac n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3,\u00a0 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m t\u00ecnh chung trong h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi. C\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 khi c\u1ea7n, t\u00ecm t\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 xin \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean… Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 chung m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m t\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng li\u00eau c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. S\u1edf d\u0129 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u00a0v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m, nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed khi nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng, h\u1ec5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00ean \u00f4ng, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed3ng h\u1eadu, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1ed3n v\u00e3 n\u01a1i Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh. \u00d4ng lu\u00f4n h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng, h\u1ebft m\u00ecnh gi\u00fap h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1eebng k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng, l\u1eafm khi v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 h\u1ebft m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 ng\u1eabu h\u1ee9ng. \u00d4ng c\u00f2n ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i, xem ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecfi \u0111ang g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n g\u00ec… R\u1ed3i v\u00e0i ba ng\u00e0y sau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng g\u1eedi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u01b0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho. \u0110\u00f4i khi l\u00e1 th\u01b0 \u1ea5y ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p h\u1ecd \u0111ang tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 khi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ebd ra \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 hi\u1ebfm d\u00f9ng, song \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p chuy\u1ec3n sang ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam.<\/p>\n C\u00e1i ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc th\u00e2m th\u00fay v\u00e0 hi\u1ebfm hoi n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111em t\u1edbi cho r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u00f4ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo c\u00e1ch g\u00ec, h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o v\u1eady? V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, \u1edf H\u1ed9i T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ebf Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c m\u01a1 h\u1ed3. N\u00f3i chung, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft qua qua v\u1ec1 \u00f4ng, r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1u h\u1ecdc sinh tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ed n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y?!<\/p>\n C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1905, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 r\u0169 b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng r\u0169 b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u00e2u lo ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng cho \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o, cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00e9o ch\u1ecdn, v\u00e0 cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng. Th\u1ef1c ra, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 lao v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y ngay t\u1eeb khi c\u00f2n ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean gh\u1ebf nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd r\u1eddi b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ngay c\u1ea3 khi trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fac \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cam go nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n C\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fat th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0o m\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tranh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111i m\u1ea5t, \u00f4ng li\u1ec1n ra ng\u1ed3i t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. T\u1ea1i “Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n” n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 Francis Garnier [c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i “Khai Tr\u00ed Ti\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c” n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean con l\u1ed9 ch\u1ea1y quanh h\u1ed3 Ho\u00e0n Ki\u1ebfm], ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc n\u00e0o l\u1ea1i ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9 h\u01a1n \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n V\u1eady nh\u01b0ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u00e2m th\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3. \u00d4ng, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng ngang b\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, \u00f4ng th\u00edch nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i Tr\u00ed Tri ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh Ngh\u0129a th\u1ee5c, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i m\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khu\u1ebfch tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i t\u1ea7m hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng cho vi\u1ec7c tranh lu\u1eadn, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i duy\u00ean \u0103n n\u00f3i, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 v\u1ed1n tri th\u1ee9c cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ly k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 \u00fd nh\u1ecb.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng khi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t to l\u1edbn cho \u00f4ng n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e1p t\u1edbi cho c\u00e1c th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng ngh\u0129 ngay \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u00e3y cho h\u1ecd n\u1ebfm n\u00e1p ch\u00fat \u0111\u1ec9nh… v\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u00f4ng b\u1eaft tay ngay vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. V\u1edbi c\u00e1ch ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn, c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m [nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 vi\u1ebft ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n] La Fontaine [(1621-1695)], [nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft h\u00e0i k\u1ecbch] Moli\u00e8re [(1622-1673)], [nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft v\u0103n xu\u00f4i] Anatole France [(1844-1924)] \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng. Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n ai l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u00f4ng. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, \u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u1ed3ng n\u00e0n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p. Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00e0o t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2u, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ta \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5. \u0110\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ng\u1ee3i ca v\u1edbi v\u1ebb sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh.<\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f4i khi ta b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n \u00f4ng d\u1ecbch nguy\u00ean v\u0103n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n \u00f4ng d\u1ecbch theo l\u1ed1i ph\u00f3ng t\u00e1c. Trong khi d\u1ecbch [nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch] La Rochefoucault [(1613-1680)] \u00f4ng ng\u1ea1i l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 khi d\u1ecbch [nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, nh\u00e0 Khai s\u00e1ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p] Jean-Jacques Rousseau [(1712-1778)] \u00f4ng ch\u0103m ch\u00fa theo s\u00e1t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00e2u ch\u1eef trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, cho t\u1edbi t\u1eebng \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n v\u00f2ng vo, u\u1ed1n \u00e9o, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i \u00f4ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng l\u00e0m cho c\u00e2u v\u0103n d\u1ecbch La Fontaine c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh mang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i n\u0103ng “n\u1eeda Ph\u00e1p n\u1eeda Nam” m\u00e0 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng xa r\u1eddi gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t. Nh\u1edd v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef tinh t\u1ebf, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u1ee3i l\u00ean cho k\u1ef3 h\u1ebft t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n G\u1ea1t b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c qua m\u1ed9t b\u00ean, b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ta \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ch, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh v\u1eady(4)<\/a>. D\u1ecbch m\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n r\u1ed3i. \u1ea4y v\u1eady m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ee9 x\u01b0ng x\u01b0ng l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng, ti\u1ebfng n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 xu\u1ed3ng x\u00e3, nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o trong c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1i nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1i ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u1eadt m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1i, th\u1eadt tinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1eadt uy\u00ean b\u00e1c trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p. D\u1eabu sao th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “Nam h\u00f3a” th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e1ng tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng, r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef th\u1eadt h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00ean th\u1ea5y kho\u00e1i ch\u00ed, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong tay m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 xoay v\u1ea7n v\u1edbi v\u0103n b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c, song b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1eabn t\u1ecf ra trung th\u00e0nh. Khi \u00f4ng d\u1ecbch, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p thi ph\u00e1p ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n [c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng An Nam] \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 b\u1eaft b\u1ebb nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang tham gia v\u00e0o c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng do \u00f4ng so\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 [nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc] Pascal [(1623-1662)], v\u1ec1 Rousseau, v\u1ec1 [nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, nh\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc] Voltaire [(1694-1778)]. (Xin h\u00e3y xem c\u00e1c b\u00e0i \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft \u1edf m\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1p v\u0103n t\u1ea1p th\u00e1i <\/em>in trong \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed <\/em>n\u0103m 1913 t\u1eeb s\u1ed1 2 tr\u1edf \u0111i. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i \u1edf m\u1ee5c C\u1ed5 kim v\u0103n h\u1ee3p th\u00e1i<\/em>, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, n\u0103m 1915-1918, c\u00e1c b\u00e0i Gi\u00e1o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd, tr\u00edch t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 th\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u00e2n th\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u<\/em>, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1913, c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb 15 tr\u1edf \u0111i, C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, <\/em>c\u0169ng trong n\u0103m 1913, c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb 28 tr\u1edf \u0111i).<\/p>\n Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng, khi \u0111\u1ecdc “gh\u00e9” c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u00f4ng, ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft ra l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5m th\u00eda. C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quan v\u0103n x\u01b0a kia chuy\u00ean ngh\u1ec1 tu t\u1eeb h\u1ecdc(5)<\/a>. T\u1eeb [nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, b\u00e1c s\u0129 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng] Rabelais [(1494-1553)] \u0111\u1ebfn [nh\u00e0 v\u0103n hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c l\u1edbn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn] Balzac [(1799-1850)], r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u “tr\u00edch \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc” hay nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t ch\u00fang ta, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta nghi\u1ec1n ng\u1eabm, n\u1ebfm n\u00e1p v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 bao tr\u00f9m l\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn b\u1eadc cao, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5u b\u1edfi c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i th\u1ecb hi\u1ebfu l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u00f4gich c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1 ch\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng niu, o b\u1ebf t\u00ednh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf v\u00ec b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tham v\u1ecdng \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n L\u1eddi b\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 Rousseau ho\u1eb7c Voltaire c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf b\u1eadt ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u1eeb trang s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m \u0111am m\u00ea. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i v\u0103n tr\u00edch, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u00f4n tr\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n trong c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng do ch\u00ednh b\u00e0i v\u0103n \u0111\u01b0a l\u1ea1i. N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eddi b\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 [con ng\u01b0\u1eddi “duy v\u1eadt”] Pascal ho\u1eb7c Bossuet [1627-1704, nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c], v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u00ec l\u1ea1i theo phong c\u00e1ch ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd \u0111em d\u00f9ng, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh danh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t chi ti\u1ebft c\u00f3 t\u00ednh b\u1ebfp n\u00fac trong nghi\u1ec7p v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i m\u1edf ngay trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft tr\u00f4ng mong g\u00ec h\u01a1n, ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc, khi \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u0169ng s\u1ebd t\u00ecm, h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i c\u00e1ch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 linh ho\u1ea1t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Tuy v\u1eady, xin ch\u1edb n\u00ean ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh c\u0169ng nh\u1eafc \u0111i nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n : \u0111\u1eebng kh\u01b0 kh\u01b0 coi c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e2u v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t \u00e1ng v\u0103n ! Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u, r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi th\u00f4i, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc \u1ea5y v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c ta th\u01b0 th\u00e1i. Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh n\u00f3i: “\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u cho th\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n tr\u00edch, n\u00ean ch\u0103ng ta c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n v\u0103n b\u1ea3n? N\u00ean ch\u0103ng khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt Tartuffe [c\u1ee7a Moli\u00e8re] ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ta c\u00f3 n\u00ean \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn “\u00e2m m\u01b0u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngoan \u0111\u1ea1o”<\/em> v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh tin t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 “m\u1ed9t t\u00ean kh\u1ed1 r\u00e1ch \u00e1o \u00f4m t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0103n ch\u1ea1c m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n” hay \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 “m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c”<\/em>? C\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a Balzac, n\u00ean ch\u0103ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea9y xa h\u01a1n ch\u00fat n\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t n\u00f3 th\u1eadt k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng, \u0111i xa h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong nh\u1eefng g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng th\u1ecbt v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd ?”.<\/p>\n \u2663 \u2663 \u2663<\/p>\n Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3ng b\u00e0i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi \u00f4ng l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt, trong l\u00fac, \u00f4ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t m\u1ea3y may ch\u00fat h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb n\u00e0o trong nh\u1eefng \u00e1ng v\u0103n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Ph\u00e1p(6)<\/a>. Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 phong ph\u00fa trong l\u1edbp t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng khi di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c m\u00f4n khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 trong ti\u1ebfng An Nam. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y nh\u1ea5t. \u00d4ng t\u00ecm t\u00f2i, l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i v\u00ec sao c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n B\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00ec sao c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef trong chu\u1ed7i v\u0103n n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng An Nam ? S\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng mang t\u00ednh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m l\u00e0 c\u00e1i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i t\u1eeb ng\u1eef t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u00f3i. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, th\u00ec c\u00fa ph\u00e1p quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 c\u00fa ph\u00e1p ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh, ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3i cho \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, n\u00f3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t cho t\u1eeb n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i n\u1eb1m v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3… m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Ta nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp nhau v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1ed9t khi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef trong ti\u1ebfng An Nam ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 so s\u00e1nh chi li c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i tinh t\u1ebf khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Nguy\u1ec5n Gia Thi\u1ec1u ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t Nguy\u1ec5n Du \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 ai ai c\u0169ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1ed3i. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7, \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t [nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc ki\u00eam gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c] Bossuet ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t [nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc] La Bruy\u00e8re [(1645-1696)], trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u00e1i khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fac c\u00fa ph\u00e1p v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 l\u00f4gich th\u00f4i v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 h\u00ecnh dung sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n Qua c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m “c\u00e2u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh l\u00f4gich”, c\u00e1i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2u cho vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u00ednh l\u00f4gich c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u.\u00a0 L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n theo chu k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 tr\u00f4i n\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi kh\u00f3 t\u00ednh, c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ken s\u00e1t l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft ngang nhau b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng nh\u1ecbp ng\u01b0ng, ngh\u1ec9 c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp. V\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phong c\u00e1ch ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 d\u00e1ng d\u1ea5p linh ho\u1ea1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 trong s\u00e1ng hi\u1ebfm hoi v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngay t\u1eeb khi b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch(7)<\/a>. B\u1edfi l\u1ebd, ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra r\u1eb1ng, li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong chuy\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac gi\u1eefa ti\u1ebfng An Nam v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, m\u1ed9t khi ta ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. M\u1ed9t khi ta v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ea5p v\u00e1p, h\u1ee5t h\u01a1i khi ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n \u0111i nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng mang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc th\u00e1nh hi\u1ec1n, danh nh\u00e2n kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam.<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, \u1edf m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i t\u00e0i n\u0103ng, c\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eafn \u0111o, c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc. \u00d4ng th\u00edch d\u1eabn nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a [nh\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p] Gaston Paris [(1839-1903)], v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn ta hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u: “\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00e1i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i n\u0103ng, ch\u00fang ta nh\u1edd n\u00f3 m\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy, c\u00e1i n\u01a1i ch\u00fang ta s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd, c\u00e1i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00fang ta y\u00eau, v\u1eady m\u00e0 sao n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi ta? M\u1ed7i th\u1ebf h\u1ec7, t\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00ecnh, khi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c sinh t\u1ed3n, l\u1ea1i n\u1eafm b\u1eaft l\u1ea5y n\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1m v\u00edu v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, r\u1ed3i truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i cho th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eeda sang thay \u0111\u1ed5i. V\u00f4 t\u01b0 l\u1ef1, d\u1eedng d\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed \u0111ang v\u00e2y quanh ta \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb c\u0169 n\u01a1i mi\u1ec7ng m\u1eb9 ta, h\u00f2a tr\u1ed9n ch\u00fang v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng khua ch\u00fang l\u00ean trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, cho t\u1edbi khi ch\u00fang t\u1edbi ghi l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean n\u1ea5m m\u1ed3 ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta ng\u1ee1 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady; v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u1eb3ng khi n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta h\u1ecfi xem do \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 c\u00e1i s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh b\u00ed \u1ea9n l\u00e0m s\u1ed1ng d\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta!” \u0110\u1eb7t ra cho ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 “nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ch\u00fang k\u1ec3 cho ta nghe”(<\/a><\/em>8). M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n v\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p bi\u1ebft bao, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng y\u00eau v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i duy\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1i chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh!<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng xin h\u00e3y th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1ecb l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u00ec s\u1ef1 “gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb” n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u00f4ng t\u1ef1 g\u00e1n cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t hi\u1ebfm h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 thu th\u1eadp h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi sao cho xu\u00f4i tai,m\u00e1t m\u1eaft. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ecb hi\u1ebfu, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 th\u1ecb hi\u1ebfu tinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ee7 trong vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft v\u0103n xu\u00f4i thi\u00ean t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u00e0o trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. B\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u01a1i kh\u0103m m\u00ecnh \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2y… m\u1ed7i khi m\u00ecnh t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch cho s\u00e1t m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn cho Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt, \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00ed m\u1eadt khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cao h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, c\u00e1i n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111i t\u1eeb [c\u00e1i duy l\u00fd ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u1ee7a] Pascal t\u1edbi [c\u00e1i du d\u01b0\u01a1ng bay b\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a] Anatole France. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd \u00f4ng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ! nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd \u00f4ng d\u00f9ng, \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00ean, v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb ri\u00eang, v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i l\u1edbp v\u1ecf th\u00f4 r\u00e1p b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, l\u00e0 ta s\u1ebd t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i h\u1ea1t ngon l\u00e0nh b\u00ean trong. Nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00f3ng ma lang thang b\u1ed7ng tan bi\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u1edbi con m\u1eaft nh\u00ecn t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea9n tr\u1ed1n ta, nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i ch\u1eafc n\u1ecbch, kh\u00e1ch quan, m\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch tr\u00ean b\u00eca c\u00f3 in t\u00ean \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n \u00d4ng n\u00f3i: “Khi d\u1ecbch [cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Rabelais] c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Vayrac [cu\u1ed1n “Notices sur Rabelais”<\/strong>], t\u00f4i t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quy ch\u1ebf nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o h\u1ed3i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 XVI, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ebf ch\u00e2n cho c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00e1p th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5. H\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3, h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfp theo, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m s\u1ea3n sinh ra m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u tuy\u1ec7t h\u1ea3o cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t sinh c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Th\u00f3i quen c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u ch\u01b0a khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u1ed1ng nhau ch\u1eb1n ch\u1eb7n. C\u00e1c tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u th\u00ec \u00e0o t\u1edbi t\u1eeb b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng \u1edf Italia, t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng cung \u0111\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n h\u1ecd t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1eddi m\u1edbi.”(9)<\/a>. Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Rabelais. \u00d4ng d\u00f9ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a Rabelais, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 n\u1eafm ch\u1eafc s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u1ecdc do nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean.<\/em><\/p>\n C\u00f3 l\u1ea7n, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng, “B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Pantagruel<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 mua vui \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfu l\u00e2m, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n th\u1eddi s\u1ef1 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a Rabelais, Gargantua<\/strong> l\u1ea1i m\u1edf ra nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng nh\u1edd v\u00e0o c\u00e1i v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. T\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 ba, n\u00e9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i uy\u00ean b\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea7y c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn r\u1ed3i tranh bi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang. N\u1ed9i dung h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng trong cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec h\u1ebft. C\u00e1c t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft \u00a0c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 n\u1eefa, m\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00eau l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. Panurge c\u00f3 n\u00ean l\u1ea5y v\u1ee3 kh\u00f4ng? \u0110\u00f3 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi, lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 t\u01b0<\/strong> c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed9i dung h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 ba<\/strong>. Trong khung c\u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn t\u1ea7u bi\u1ec3n \u0111i t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1n xa x\u00f4i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, Rabelais \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh hoang t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec3u ph\u1ea9m ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecdan th\u00fa v\u1ecb h\u01a1n c\u1ea3, l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdc gi\u1eadn, nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o theo ph\u00e1i Calvin v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng “ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n x\u1ee9 Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng” t\u1ea1i “Si\u00eau Cao S\u01a1n” [nh\u1eefng “papimanes ultramontains” \u2013 ch\u1eef do Rabelais b\u1ecba ra \u2013 ND th\u00eam]”.<\/em><\/p>\n Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ef1 \u0111am m\u00ea t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Rabelais khi d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n, r\u1ed3i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u00f4ng l\u01b0u \u00fd c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u1ecb\u00eap ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i th\u00fa g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc trong c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f9a c\u1ee7a Rabelais. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i, “T\u1eeb nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 coi khinh c\u00e1i v\u1ebb ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt, c\u00f3 c\u00e1i t\u1ef1 do hoang t\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u00ecnh ph\u1ea9m lan man, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u00eau luy\u1ec7n ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00ean c\u00e1i xu th\u1ebf x\u1eed l\u00fd ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec7n b\u00f4ng ph\u00e8ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n.”<\/em><\/p>\n Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfp, “Moli\u00e8re th\u00ec l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t anh th\u1ecb d\u00e2n th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 1660, nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u01a1i th\u00f4 l\u1eadu, th\u00eam ch\u00fat d\u1eedng d\u01b0ng trong t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, h\u01a1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat n\u1eef khuynh, v\u00e0 th\u00eam n\u1eefa l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng e ng\u1ea1i g\u00ec v\u1ec1 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1ch l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i Moli\u00e8re nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u00e1nh t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. \u00d4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i thi\u00ean l\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u1ea5t h\u1ea1ng, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eabn c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u2026\u00a0 \u0110\u1eebng \u0111i t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd \u1edf Moli\u00e8re, c\u00e1c v\u1edf k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ch\u1eb3ng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1eady \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec h\u1ebft, ho\u1eb7c \u00edt ra th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ecf v\u1ebb g\u00ec l\u00e0 v\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 l\u1ed1i cho ai c\u1ea3. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh Ph\u00e1p th\u01b0\u1eddng hay d\u00f9ng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd b\u00f3ng b\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1ea1o b\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng h\u00e0i k\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa th\u00f3i h\u01b0 t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao trong c\u00e1c v\u1edf k\u1ecbch Moli\u00e8re l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd v\u00e0 r\u00e0nh r\u00e0nh l\u00e0 th\u00f4 t\u1ee5c? C\u00f3 l\u1ebd ta n\u00ean xem x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 c\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Moli\u00e8re, n\u00f3 khinh th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ch\u0103m ch\u00fa t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng g\u00ec s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i”.<\/em><\/p>\n Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf vi\u1ec7c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 Moli\u00e8re trung th\u00e0nh t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2u v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c [ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 duy nh\u1ea5t] c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt k\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng r\u0169 b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi th\u1eadt v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Th\u01b0\u1eddng khi \u00f4ng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Moli\u00e8re v\u1eabn d\u00f9ng, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ecb hi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Moli\u00e8re, khi \u00f4ng x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u xung quanh c\u0169ng ch\u0103m ch\u00fat nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c Moli\u00e8re ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda ra nh\u1eefng m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda ra m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n dung, v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c Moli\u00e8re ph\u01a1i b\u1ea7y ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 v\u00ec th\u00f3i x\u1ea5u ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec th\u00f3i ngang ng\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng, Moli\u00e8re kh\u00f4ng b\u1eadn t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 Moli\u00e8re ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng ch\u00fat \u00edt \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00fat th\u1eaft v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch c\u1edfi n\u00fat cho h\u1ee3p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n H\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n 1.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Ch\u00fa th\u00edch<\/p>\n (1) Sinh \u1edf Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng V\u0169 (l\u00e0ng D\u1ef1c, t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng) ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1882 (t\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng t\u01b0 n\u0103m Nh\u00e2m Ng\u1ecd, ho\u1eb7c n\u0103m T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 35).<\/p>\n (2) <\/a>T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1913, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh c\u00f9ng F. H. Schneider xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed, <\/em>v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u00a0kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfc c\u00f4ng cho t\u1edd b\u00e1o n\u00e0y trong su\u1ed1t s\u00e1u n\u0103m tr\u1eddi. T\u1edd \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed <\/em>v\u1eabn \u0111ang xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n, th\u00ec n\u0103m 1915 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra lu\u00f4n t\u1edd Trung B\u1eafc t\u00e2n v\u0103n <\/em>v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh t\u1edd b\u00e1o n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng trong su\u1ed1t h\u01a1n hai ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m; th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i, n\u0103m 1931, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho t\u1edd L’Annam nouveau <\/em>[“N\u01b0\u1edbc Nam m\u1edbi” – ND th\u00eam<\/em>] c\u0169ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n m\u1ed7i tu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ee7 hai b\u00e0i. Sau r\u1ed3i, khi ra m\u1eaft c\u00e1c t\u1edd La Pens\u00e9e de l’Occident <\/em>[“\u00c2u T\u00e2y t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng” – ND th\u00eam<\/em>] v\u00e0 t\u1edd T\u1ee9 d\u00e2n v\u0103n uy\u1ec3n, <\/em>th\u00ec \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho \u00d4ng E. Vayrac s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c qu\u00fd b\u00e1u. Ch\u01b0a h\u1ebft: t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1906, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 quan b\u00e1o ch\u00ed xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i ho\u1eb7c \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c: t\u1edd La Tribune Indochinoise <\/em>[“Di\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e0n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng” – ND th\u00eam<\/em>] (1906-1907), t\u1edd \u0110\u0103ng c\u1ed5 t\u00f9ng b\u00e1o <\/em>(n\u0103m 1907, v\u1edbi b\u00fat hi\u1ec7u T\u00e2n Nam T\u1eed), Notre Journal, organe des fonctionnaires et des employ\u00e9s indig\u00e8nes de l’Administration fran\u00e7aise et du commerce de l’Indochine <\/em>\u00a0[“T\u1edd b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, c\u01a1 quan c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 thu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng” – ND th\u00eam<\/em>] (n\u0103m 1908-1909, v\u1edbi b\u00fat hi\u1ec7u \u0110inh Th\u00e1i Lai), c\u00e1c t\u1edd L\u1ee5c t\u1ec9nh t\u00e2n v\u0103n, Notre Revue, publication documentaire et de traductions <\/em>[“T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m” – ND th\u00eam<\/em>] (n\u0103m 1819, in t\u1eeb c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 12), v\u00e2n v\u00e2n\u2026\u00a0 M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u00e0o hoa \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo nghi\u1ec7p v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t th\u00e8m, song \u00f4ng c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng coi tr\u1ecdng bao nhi\u00eau \u0111\u1ebfn g\u00eda tr\u1ecb do h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c mang l\u1ea1i. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng sang ti\u1ebfng Nam, ta c\u00f3: Gi\u00e1o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd, tr\u00edch t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 th\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u00e2n th\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u <\/em>(tr\u00ean \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed <\/em>n\u0103m 1913, c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb 15 tr\u1edf \u0111i), C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p<\/em> (nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, n\u0103m 1913, c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb 28 tr\u1edf \u0111i), PLUTARQUE, Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi song h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3 <\/em>(trong “\u00c2u T\u00e2y t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng”, 1932),\u00a0 F\u00c9NELON, T\u00e9l\u00e9maque phi\u00eau l\u01b0u k\u00fd, <\/em>(nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, n\u0103m 1927), MOLI\u00c8RE, H\u00e0i k\u1ecbch <\/em>(nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, n\u0103m 1928), LA FONTAINE, Ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n <\/em>(nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, n\u0103m 1928), LESAGE, Gil-Blas de Santillane, <\/em>(nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, n\u0103m 1929-1930), PR\u00c9VOST, Manon Lescaut, <\/em>(nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, n\u0103m 1932), V. HUGO, Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng kh\u1ed5, <\/em>(nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean), H, DE BALZAC,\u00a0 Mi\u1ebfng da l\u1eeba, <\/em>(nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, n\u0103m 1928), A. DUMAS, Ba ch\u00e0ng ng\u1ef1 l\u00e2m qu\u00e2n, <\/em>(nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, n\u0103m 1926-1927),\u00a0 J. SWIFT, Gulliver du k\u00fd, <\/em>(nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, n\u0103m 1928), RABELAIS, Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Pirochole, B\u1ea7y c\u1eebu c\u1ee7a Panurge, <\/em>(nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, n\u0103m 1933), E. VAYRAC, M\u1ea5y nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh, <\/em>(nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, n\u0103m 1927, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean), H\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, <\/em>1925, Tam qu\u1ed1c ch\u00ed, <\/em>Phan K\u1ebf B\u00ednh d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Trung Hoa sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn, 1909.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n (3) <\/a>T\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Tr\u00ed Tri l\u00e0 T\u00e2n h\u1ecdc V\u0103n t\u1eadp (c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean h\u1ed9i Tr\u00ed Tri so\u1ea1n v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch ra). <\/em>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc b\u00e1o (S\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m h\u1ecdc khoa<\/em>) c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n Ti\u1ec3u d\u1eabn <\/em>nh\u01b0 sau [b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, ND th\u00eam<\/em>]: “Trong trang b\u00e1o n\u00e0y, t\u1eeb h\u00f4m nay gi\u1edf \u0111i, c\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i tu\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 nh\u1eadt, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 so\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t \u00edt b\u00e0i v\u1ec1 ph\u00e9p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch tr\u00ed, to\u00e1n ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ecba d\u01b0, s\u1eed k\u00fd v\u00e0 b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc b\u1eadc \u1ea5u h\u1ecdc, ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1ebfn sau c\u0169ng c\u00f3 b\u00e0i v\u1ec1 trung h\u1ecdc n\u1eefa. Nh\u1edd nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, vi\u1ec7c t\u00e2n h\u1ecdc trong n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam ta m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf mang th\u00eam, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y \u1ea5y c\u0169ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 cho ch\u00f3ng t\u1ea5n t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u00e0 s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y, n\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i n\u00e0y gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi; c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i xem b\u00e1o, nh\u1edd c\u00f3 b\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m s\u1eb5n, ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 nguy\u00ean v\u1eady, ho\u1eb7c t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111i \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ra cho h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2, v\u1eeba nh\u1eb9 vi\u1ec7c cho m\u00ecnh, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft r\u1ed9ng ra. \u2013 Tr\u00ed Tri H\u1ed9i”.\u00a0 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em tr\u00ed \u00f3c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ra khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edd t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed n\u00e0y. Tr\u00ean t\u1edd b\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u0103n b\u1ea3n khi\u1ebfn ta kinh ng\u1ea1c. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1eddi cho ta ca ng\u1ee3i, nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7y thi\u00ean b\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1edd t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed, ta kh\u00f4ng sao h\u00ecnh dung n\u1ed5i, sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd h\u01a1n, b\u1ed5 \u00edch h\u01a1n v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n (4) <\/a>Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh c\u0169ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o trong b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u, c\u00e1i v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh nh\u01b0 \u1edf b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c. \u0110\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ecdc. S\u1ef1 so s\u00e1nh trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng d\u1ecbch theo th\u1ec3 th\u01a1 cho th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng v\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n to l\u1edbn t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2u. \u0110\u00f4i khi \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra n\u1ed1i c\u00e1i h\u00e0i h\u00f2a, c\u00e1i ch\u00e2n x\u00e1c, c\u00e1i s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 \u1edf nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch n\u1ed5i, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n c\u00f3 t\u00e0i kh\u00e9o bao nhi\u00eau c\u0169ng ch\u1ecbu th\u00f4i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ta v\u1eabn b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1ecbp th\u01a1 d\u1ecbch th\u1eadt kh\u00e9o c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t trong s\u00e1ng khi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n (5) <\/a>C\u00f3 l\u1ea7n Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ebf Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 sau: “Trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Alexandre Dumas, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n n\u00e0y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Richelieu l\u00e0m th\u01a1 v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 tr\u1ea7y tr\u1eadt, d\u00f9ng ng\u00f3n tay b\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfm t\u1eebng ti\u1ebfng th\u01a1 sao cho \u0111\u1ee7 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai ti\u1ebfng m\u1ed7i c\u00e2u. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 l\u00e0m th\u01a1 theo c\u00e1ch \u1ea5y, v\u00e0 nh\u1ecbp th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n b\u00ed \u1ea9n nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y v\u1eady. Nh\u1eefng ai ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u01a1 m\u00e0 nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1edfi ta l\u00e0m ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt tr\u00ean x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y. Kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy g\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c. Khi \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec1 th\u01a1 ca ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u00f3, ta ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00f4 \u00edch v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p sai l\u1ea7m.”<\/p>\n (6) <\/a>T\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, xin l\u01b0u \u00fd ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Kim V\u00e2n Ki\u1ec1u, <\/em>c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft Tam Qu\u1ed1c Ch\u00ed, <\/em>m\u1ea5y b\u00e0i th\u01a1 T\u00f4 \u0110\u00f4ng Pha, vv\u2026 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Nh\u1edd \u1edf c\u00e1i th\u1ecb hi\u1ebfu tinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch mang l\u1ea1i ngay c\u1ea3 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng am hi\u1ec3u c\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfng Nam l\u1eabn ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n c\u00e1i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch r\u1ea5t trung th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c b\u00e0i th\u01a1 H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t; \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf m\u1ed7i t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00e1i t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch, c\u00e1i gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u, c\u00e1i t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p thi ca ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Nam \u0111\u1ec1u ca t\u1ee5ng Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Kim V\u00e2n Ki\u1ec1u <\/em>nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nghi\u00eam nh\u1eb7t, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0 x\u1eed v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gia t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t cung c\u00e1ch g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a.<\/p>\n (7)<\/a>…(khi \u00f4ng d\u1ecbch) trang s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Anatole France:<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Tout progr\u00e8s, le meilleur comme le pire, est lent, r\u00e9gulier. Il n’y aura pas de grands changements, il n’y en eut jamais, j’entends de prompts ou de soudains. Toutes les transformations \u00e9conomiques s’op\u00e8rent avec la lenteur cl\u00e9mente des forces naturelles. Bonne ou mauvaises \u00e0 notre sens, les choses sont toujours ce qu’il fallait qu’elles fussent!<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Notre \u00e9tat social est l’effet des \u00e9tats qui l’ont pr\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9, comme il est la cause des \u00e9tats qui le suivront. Il tient des premiers, comme les suivants les tiendront de lui. Et cet enchainement fixe pour longtemps la persistance d’un m\u00eame type: cet ordre assure la tranquillit\u00e9 de la vie. Il est vrai qu’il ne contente ni les esprits curieux de nouveaut\u00e9s, ni les coeurs alt\u00e9r\u00e9s de charit\u00e9. Mais c’est l’ordre universel. Il faut s’y soumettre. Ayons le z\u00e8le du coeur et les illusions n\u00e9cessaires; travaillons \u00e0 ce que nous croyons utile et bon, mais non point dans l’espoir d’un succ\u00e8s subit et merveilleux, non point au milieu des imaginations d’une aapocalypse sociale; toutes les apocalypses \u00e9blouissent et d\u00e9\u00e7oivent. N’attendons point de miracle. R\u00e9signons-nous \u00e0 pr\u00e9parer, pour notre imperseptible part, l’avenir meilleur ou pire que nous ne verrons pas.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n ANATOLE FRANCE<\/p>\n (Le Jardin d’Epicure<\/em>)<\/td>\n <\/p>\n Ph\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, d\u00f9 ti\u1ebfn hay, d\u00f9 ti\u1ebfn d\u1edf, c\u0169ng khoan h\u00f2a tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn. Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn, t\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3\u00a0 khi n\u00e0o, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn nhanh, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn th\u00ecnh l\u00ecnh. Ph\u00e0m c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kinh t\u1ebf trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u00e1n c\u1ea3i \u0111i, th\u00ec c\u1ee9 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 s\u00f4ng c\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e1 m\u00f2n. Tr\u0103m vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7n ra, d\u00f9 hay d\u00f9 d\u1edf cho ta, vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n ra l\u00e0m sao th\u00ec hi\u1ec7n ra l\u00e0m v\u1eady!<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ta ng\u00e0y nay, l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n nh\u1eefng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn sau, l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 qua r\u1ed3i. Th\u1eddi n\u00e0y li\u00ean can v\u1edbi th\u1eddi tr\u1ee9oc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi sau l\u1ea1i li\u00ean can v\u1edbi th\u1eddi n\u00e0y. S\u1ef1\u00a0 li\u00ean can \u1ea5y l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i, c\u00f2n l\u00e2u m\u1edbi c\u00f3 l\u1ed1i kh\u00e1c. Th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 \u1ea5y l\u00e0m cho cu\u1ed9c sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a. Th\u1ebf th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa nh\u1eefng tr\u00ed hay \u01b0a m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00f2ng kh\u00f4 h\u00e9o v\u00ec th\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0 l\u1ebd thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu m\u1ed9t b\u1ec1 ch\u1edb bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m sao. Th\u00f4i th\u00ec l\u00f2ng ta c\u1ee9 ph\u1ea5n ch\u1ea5n, b\u1ee5ng ta c\u1ee9 m\u01a1 m\u00f2ng, v\u00ec m\u01a1 m\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1. Ta cho th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u00edch, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 hay, th\u00ec c\u1ee9 m\u00e0 l\u00e0m, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1edb c\u1eady n\u00ean ngay v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eebng m\u01a1 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 c\u00f5i c\u1ef1c l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i. Ph\u00e0m trong c\u1ef1c l\u1ea1c hay ch\u00f3i m\u1eaft l\u1ea1i hay b\u1ecb h\u1eefng h\u1edd. Ta c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eebng \u0111\u1ee3i Gi\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb7c c\u00e1ch. Th\u00f4i c\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e0nh \u0111em ch\u00fat m\u1ea9y may ph\u1ea7n ta v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c reo h\u1ea1t mai sau, ho\u1eb7c hay, ho\u1eb7c d\u1edf, ta c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n![\"1_19187\"](\"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/1_19187.jpg\")
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\n On annonce, on attend, on voir d\u00e9j\u00e0 de grands changements dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9. C’est l’\u00e9ternelle erreur de l’esprit proph\u00e9tique. L’instabilit\u00e9, sans doute, est la condition premi\u00e8re de la vie; tout co qui vit se modifie sans cesse, mais insensiblement et presque \u00e0 notre insu.<\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec n\u00f3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1eafp c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1eafp c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u r\u1ed3i, \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i tr\u00ed ti\u00ean tri c\u1ee9 hay l\u1ea7m th\u1ebf m\u00e3i. Cu\u1ed9c sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ho\u00e1n c\u1ea3i; ph\u00e0m v\u1eadt g\u00ec s\u1ed1ng, l\u00e0 ho\u00e1n c\u1ea3i \u0111i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n, nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0 ho\u00e1n c\u1ea3i t\u1eeb t\u1eeb, ta kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n