Tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng!<\/p>\n
BBT Tannamtu.com<\/p>\n
Nguy\u1ec5n L\u00e2n B\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n
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B\u00eca s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t 6 \u2013 C\u00e1nh Bu\u1ed3m<\/em><\/p>\n \n NGUY\u1ec4N V\u0102N V\u0128NH V\u1edaI TI\u1ebeNG M\u1eb8 \u0110\u1eba V\u00c0 CH\u1eee QU\u1ed0C NG\u1eee.<\/b><\/p>\n G\u1ea7n 1000 n\u0103m Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ecbu \u00e1ch \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a phong ki\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb cai tr\u1ecb t\u1ea1o ra, l\u00fac n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ri\u00eang. C\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc cho th\u1ea5y, kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VIII v\u00e0 IX, \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi Nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi Nh\u00e0 T\u1ed1ng, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ch\u1eef N\u00f4m. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t, ch\u1eef N\u00f4m \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111\u1eddi kho\u1ea3ng sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 X, khi Vi\u1ec7t Nam tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4 Quy\u1ec1n n\u0103m 938(1)<\/sup><\/b> .<\/p>\n Ch\u1eef N\u00f4m l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n b\u1ea5t khu\u1ea5t, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u00fd ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o phong ki\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u00ec (Ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i v\u00e0 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c<\/i>)(<\/sup><\/i>2)<\/sup>.<\/b><\/p>\n Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef N\u00f4m l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1ee3n \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u01b0\u1ee3n ngh\u0129a. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, ch\u1ec9 m\u01b0\u1ee3n ngh\u0129a ch\u1eef H\u00e1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u01b0\u1ee3n \u00e2m. Ch\u00ednh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u1eef N\u00f4m kh\u00f3 nh\u1edb, v\u00ec kh\u00f3 nh\u1edb n\u00ean kh\u00f3 h\u1ecdc do ph\u1ea3i gh\u00e9p c\u00e1c n\u00e9t ch\u1eef li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ph\u1ea3i v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ecdc v\u1eeba \u0111o\u00e1n. \u0110i\u1ec3m h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef N\u00f4m c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ng\u1eb7t ngh\u00e8o c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 in \u1ea5n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 s\u01a1, t\u00ednh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m: Tam sao th\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n<\/i> ( ba l\u1ea7n sao ch\u00e9p m\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c).<\/p>\n V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y (\u00c2u ch\u00e2u) nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea1o Gia t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, ngo\u00e0i ra h\u1ecd c\u00f2n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t h\u1ecd \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong (Ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda Nam).<\/p>\n Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u00f4 l\u00fd trong sinh ho\u1ea1t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, v\u00ec sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c? Ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c ch\u1eef N\u00f4m. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n l\u1edbn cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 trong vi\u1ec7c giao ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 g\u00e2y c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf trong vi\u1ec7c h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m, nh\u1eb1m thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m theo nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Gia T\u00f4 Gi\u00e1o. Ngo\u00e0i ra khi mu\u1ed1n giao d\u1ecbch, mua b\u00e1n h\u1ecd c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c giao k\u00e8o theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc cam k\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n. Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ghi \u00e2m ph\u00e1t ra c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9, \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c \u00e2m theo c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00e1c ch\u1eef c\u00e1i Roman l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 ch\u1eef m\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. (Ch\u1eef La Tinh n\u1eb1m trong h\u1ec7 ch\u1eef Roman)(3)<\/sup>.<\/b><\/p>\n T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft theo m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i La Tinh do c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u1eadp ra v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft, t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 Alexander De Rhodes(4)<\/sup>.<\/b> Cu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n mang t\u00ean: VI\u1ec6T-B\u1ed2-LA (Vi\u1ec7t Nam-B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha-La Tinh) in n\u0103m 1651.<\/p>\n Ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t d\u00f9ng m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i La Tinh ra \u0111\u1eddi, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft sinh t\u1ed3n theo nh\u00e3n quan t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n theo Gia T\u00f4 Gi\u00e1o, trong khi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft m\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 do ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t theo Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Gi\u00e1o, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, khu c\u01b0 d\u00e2n theo C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy Phong ki\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, theo ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, n\u00ean m\u1eb7c nhi\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m trong t\u00e2m l\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u00ec th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn T\u00e2y, b\u1ecdn x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u1edbc quy lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, cho \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u00e8m theo nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng, v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, g\u00e2y t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh l\u00ean t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y nh\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef gi\u1eefa n\u00f3i v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n s\u0129 \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n tri th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 manh nha m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft m\u1edbi theo m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i La Tinh, g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf d\u1ea7n vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n v\u00e0 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m do qu\u00e1 kh\u00f3 trong vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp thu v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o \u00edt c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n Th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef m\u1edbi v\u1edbi 24 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i, d\u1ec5 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp thu h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n s\u0129 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c. H\u1ecd ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng: Nh\u00e2n b\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc, b\u1ea5t chi l\u00fd!<\/i> (Ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3i, tr\u00e1i).<\/p>\n Trong nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t ti\u00ean phong nh\u01b0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd – P\u00e9trus K\u00fd (1837-1898) v\u00e0 Hu\u1ef3nh T\u1ecbnh C\u1ee7a – Paulus C\u1ee7a (1834-1907). Tuy nhi\u00ean, hai t\u00e0i n\u0103ng xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda Nam c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, khi m\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p chia l\u00e0m ba ph\u1ea7n, theo ba ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c nhau, l\u00e0: B\u1eafc K\u1ef3, Trung K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Nam K\u1ef3. ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Pat\u01a1n\u1ed1t (Perten\u00f4tre) 1884.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 mong ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t theo m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i La Tinh m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0: Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u1eeb \u201cqu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef\u201d c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ebfch l\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Phong ki\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm l\u1ed1i t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a phong ki\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c. T\u1eeb \u201cqu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef\u201d \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chung b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 t\u00ednh ly khai v\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e1n, b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u s\u1ef1 chia tay v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00f4n t\u00ednh to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Phong ki\u1ebfn Trung Hoa \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 s\u1ebd k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3!<\/p>\n C\u00f3 ba nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n – Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o (M\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nh\u00e3n quan<\/p>\n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n theo Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1o).<\/p>\n – Trong qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m h\u00e0m trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cai tr\u1ecb (L\u00e0<\/p>\n s\u1ef1 m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m d\u01b0\u1edbi con m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng<\/p>\n l\u1edbp b\u1ecb cai tr\u1ecb).<\/p>\n – Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u01a1i Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Nam K\u1ef3, l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5<\/p>\n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, kh\u00e1c nhau r\u1ea5t xa v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf x\u00e3<\/p>\n h\u1ed9i so v\u1edbi Trung K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 B\u1ea3o h\u1ed9.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00eda Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n Tuy nhi\u00ean quy lu\u1eadt x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cho th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111i qua nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n – S\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh, v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n) t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 k\u00e9o theo<\/p>\n nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng tham gia<\/i>.<\/p>\n – Khi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng tham gia, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o<\/i>.<\/p>\n – Khi phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00ean cao, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 cao tr\u00e0o<\/i>.<\/p>\n – Cao tr\u00e0o, sinh ra l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/p>\n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/i>.<\/p>\n Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p do Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n thi\u1ebfu t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t, t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. (T\u1eeb 1848 \u0111\u1ebfn 1861, Tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n c\u00f3 s\u00e1u l\u1ea7n ra ch\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o). Trong khi c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ti\u00ean phong bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n S\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh cao tr\u00e0o, v\u00ec v\u1eady s\u1ef1 lan t\u1ecfa \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf v\u00f9ng Trung K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 B\u1eafc K\u1ef3, n\u01a1i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi Nam K\u1ef3 \u1edf m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c. K\u1ebft th\u00fac s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1eadm ng\u00f9i l\u00fac cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi: \u201cR\u1eb1ng tuy \u0103n \u1edf c\u00f9ng T\u1ea7n, b\u00e2ng khu\u00e2ng nh\u1edb H\u00e1n mu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eddi x\u00f3t sa\u201d<\/i>(5)<\/sup>.<\/b><\/p>\n V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 h\u01a1n hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t l\u00fang t\u00fang trong vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 cai tr\u1ecb khi m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c trong giao d\u1ecbch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n, ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p hay ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef? \u0110\u1ebfn l\u00fac n\u00e0y, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef, tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i. s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cai tr\u1ecb v\u1eabn r\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, v\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft Qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n —————-<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, s\u1ef1 b\u1ebf t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111e d\u1ecda. Trong nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n do c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng. 90% ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft n\u00e0o. Trong l\u01b0u tr\u1eef, c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n vi\u1ebft theo c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c nhau, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd, ng\u00e0y \u1ea5y \u201cH\u1ecd\u201d v\u1eabn tranh c\u00e3i vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn d\u00f9ng th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 ch\u00ed kh\u00ed, c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, y\u00eau qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd \u0111i t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng can d\u1ef1, \u0111\u1ea5u tranh. H\u1ecd quy\u1ebft l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y \u0111en t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o h\u00e8n. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i mang tinh th\u1ea7n uy v\u0169, v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u0103m th\u00f9 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n d\u00f9ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u0169 trang, hy v\u1ecdng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5, th\u00ec l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. H\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng; tri th\u1ee9c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 s\u1ebd s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ph\u00e1 tan nh\u1eefng b\u1ebf t\u1eafc, b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp cai tr\u1ecb. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t tin r\u1eb1ng: m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 l\u00e0m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o h\u01a1n, trung th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng h\u01a1n!<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft, l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c, l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t k\u1ebft d\u00ednh gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eabn d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n.<\/p>\n Ch\u00ed s\u0129 Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh (1872-1926), nh\u00e0 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, mi\u1ec1n Trung Vi\u1ec7t Nam. N\u0103m 1901, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed7 Ph\u00f3 b\u1ea3ng (H\u00e0m v\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn s\u0129). N\u0103m 1906, do b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh gay g\u1eaft v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft b\u1ea3n ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng H\u00e1n v\u0103n mang t\u00ean: \u201c\u0110\u1ea7u Ph\u00e1p Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 th\u01b0<\/i>\u201d g\u1eedi cho To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng <\/b>Jean Baptiste Paul Beau<\/a><\/b>. N\u1ed9i dung ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u00f2i ph\u00eda Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch cai tr\u1ecb, h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c phong ki\u1ebfn, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t l\u1ed1i d\u00e0o t\u1ea1o khoa c\u1eed v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef.<\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f2i quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh. B\u1ea3n ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u00f2n t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tha h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y vua quan tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch cai tr\u1ecb h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n.<\/p>\n To\u00e0n v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t thanh ni\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u1edbi 24 tu\u1ed5i, c\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n l\u00e0 con m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o \u1edf ph\u1ee7 Th\u01b0\u1eddng T\u00edn t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng (Nay l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i) t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ngu\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh (1882-1936), d\u1ecbch ra ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p \u201cLETTRE DE PHAN CHU TRINH AU GOUVERNEUR G\u00c9N\u00c9RAL EN 1906\u201d, ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m Th\u00e0nh Th\u00e1i th\u1ee9 XVIII (1906).<\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef b\u1ea3n ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c mang t\u00ednh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh r\u1eb1ng: ch\u00fang ta ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta ngu v\u00e0 d\u1ed1t, m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ngu d\u1ed1t l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 m\u1eb7c nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh! T\u1eeb l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc t\u00ednh b\u1ee9c thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a con ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 may m\u1eafn c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1eeb khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb ch\u0103n b\u00f2 ngo\u00e0i b\u00e3i S\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c k\u00e9o qu\u1ea1t m\u00e1t cho m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y c\u00e1c \u00f4ng t\u00fa (T\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p THPT), c\u00e1c c\u1eadu c\u1eed (T\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc) h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m l\u00e0m phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1eadu b\u1ed5, \u0111\u00f3ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0ng Y\u00ean Ph\u1ee5, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i (1890). Nh\u1edd m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u01a1i m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m thu\u00ea \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc l\u1ecfm, tuy kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 \u00f3c kh\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u0103m 1896, sau hai l\u1ea7n thi, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea7u khoa thi (th\u1ee7 khoa) c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Tuy 15 tu\u1ed5i c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch cho T\u00f2a s\u1ee9 L\u00e0o Cai. T\u1eeb T\u00f2a s\u1ee9 L\u00e0o Cai, \u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng, r\u1ed3i B\u1eafc Giang, B\u1eafc Ninh. N\u0103m 1906 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh l\u00e0 th\u01b0 k\u00fd c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u0110\u1ed1c l\u00fd H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u0103m \u00f4ng g\u1eb7p ch\u00ed s\u0129 Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1906, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed tham gia H\u1ed9i ch\u1ee3 (\u0110\u1ea5u x\u1ea3o) c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ea3ng M\u00e1c X\u00e2y (Marseille). \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn m\u1eaft ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Ph\u00e1p, c\u00e1i n\u00f4i v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng th\u00edch th\u00fa khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ec1 in \u1ea5n, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m b\u00e1o. \u00d4ng b\u1ecb m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c khi nh\u1eadn ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00f4 t\u1eadn c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o ch\u00ed trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng. Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u0111i t\u00ecm h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t t\u1edd b\u00e1o. \u00d4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef, kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n theo h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef n\u00e0y, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y v\u1ecb tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t, l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khai d\u00e2n tr\u00ed, \u0111\u00fang theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh mong mu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh t\u1ef1 tin tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c, trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 vi\u1ebft t\u1eeb M\u00e1c X\u00e2y v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5.1906(6)<\/sup><\/b> g\u1eedi v\u1ec1 cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n ch\u00ed c\u1ed1t l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n s\u0129 Ph\u1ea1m Duy T\u1ed1n (1883-1924), \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed9c b\u1ea1ch: \u201cCu\u1ed9c \u0111i th\u0103m l\u00fd th\u00fa nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i trong \u0110\u1ea5u x\u1ea3o l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111i th\u0103m gian b\u00e1o <\/i>\u201cPetit Marseillais\u201d. To\u00e0 b\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t, l\u00fd th\u00fa nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec1 in t\u1eeb khi ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ea3y n\u1edf hay n\u00f3i cho \u0111\u00fang t\u1eeb khi ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3ng v\u00e0o \u00c2u ch\u00e2u<\/i>.<\/i><\/p>\n Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh nh\u1edd v\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1eadn m\u1eaft, v\u1edbi thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3 tin, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p, n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7n g\u00e1nh l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m gi\u00fap nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ngh\u00e8o, k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eafc v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ti\u00eau ch\u00ed cao qu\u00fd l\u00e0: T\u1ef1 do \u2013 B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng \u2013 B\u00e1c \u00e1i(7)<\/sup>,<\/b> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eabn t\u00e2m ch\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1p l\u00ean s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi An Nam!<\/p>\n Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh t\u1eeb b\u1ecf con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c. Theo \u00f4ng, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c, b\u1ecb \u00e1p l\u1ef1c b\u1edfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, s\u1ebd r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0y, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh c\u00f3 hai m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n 1\/ Nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Francois Henri <\/i>Schneider<\/i> (1851…), m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n. in \u1ea5n v\u00e0 b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p g\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ebfn S\u00e0i G\u00f2n n\u0103m 1882 theo h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng k\u00fd v\u1edbi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ngh\u00e0nh in v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n 2\/ Ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tham gia v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n s\u0129 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng do Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u1ea3o \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 xin gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m<\/p>\n quy\u1ec1n cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh Ngh\u0129a Th\u1ee5c, m\u1edf t\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 10 ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0ng \u0110\u00e0o H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i do c\u1ee5 c\u1eed L\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n Can l\u00e0m Th\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u0103m 1907.<\/p>\n Hai s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u00ecn b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh. Danh ch\u00ednh, F.H.Schneider l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, trong khi Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p. Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p coi Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh l\u00e0 k\u1ebb ph\u1ea3n lo\u1ea1n. V\u1eady Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u tr\u00ean b\u00e0n c\u1edd ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y?<\/p>\n L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 ghi r\u00f5, Ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 2<\/a> n\u0103m 1869<\/a> Ph\u00f3 \u0110\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1c Marie Gustave Hector Ohier <\/i>k\u00fd ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef thay th\u1ebf ch\u1eef Nho<\/a> trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng v\u0103n h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3<\/a> sau r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i 19 n\u0103m sau, n\u0103m 1888, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n m\u1edbi \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t cho Nam K\u1ef3 ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, giao d\u1ecbch t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf Nam k\u1ef3 trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef, ch\u01b0a n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi B\u1eafc v\u00e0 Trung k\u1ef3. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, tuy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c trong vi\u1ec7c cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i cao trong quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m \u1edf Hu\u1ebf, khu v\u1ef1c Trung K\u1ef3. Ch\u00ednh do vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c quy ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf ba mi\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m quen d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u1edf Trung k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 B\u1eafc k\u1ef3 v\u1eabn xa l\u1ea1, v\u00e0 \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfu ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 b\u00e1o ch\u00ed.<\/p>\n Hai l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u chung v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef. M\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ed s\u0129 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n d\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef c\u00f3 m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 La Tinh \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf mang d\u00e2n ch\u00ed, canh t\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n (K\u1ebb x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c), sau nhi\u1ec1u toan t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch cai tr\u1ecb n\u1ebfu ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u00e1c b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u1ebfu ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp, cho d\u00f9 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n L\u00fac n\u00e0y, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh m\u1edbi 24 tu\u1ed5i, con m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o, kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c, kh\u00f4ng ru\u1ed9ng v\u01b0\u1eddn, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m can d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng hai c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec d\u01b0\u1edbi con m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb t\u00e0i phi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n nh\u00ecn \u1edf g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 k\u1ebb ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 \u00f3c phi th\u01b0\u1eddng khi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cai tr\u1ecb. Kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 c\u1edb F.H.Schneider, danh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7\u201d, \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ed1n li\u1ebfng, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i l\u1eb7n l\u1ed9i su\u1ed1t 20 n\u0103m tr\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t Nam k\u1ef3, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecm v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cnh\u00e0 qu\u00ea\u201d (c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh) \u1edf x\u1ee9 B\u1eafc k\u1ef3 xa x\u00f4i l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh!<\/p>\n L\u1ecbch s\u1eed lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 \u201ctr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i\u201d \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh. S\u1ef1 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 gi\u1eefa F.H.Schneider v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh nh\u01b0 hai n\u1eeda c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn. M\u1ed9t b\u00ean c\u00f3 tr\u00ed l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ho\u00e0i b\u00e3o, m\u1ed9t b\u00ean c\u00f3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n \u201cl\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng\u201d l\u1eabn nhau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ebfn b\u1edd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, cho d\u00f9 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 hai l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c nhau ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh Ngh\u0129a Th\u1ee5c ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 g\u00f3p m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c chi s\u0129 n\u1ed5i danh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n Trung v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ti\u00eau ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o r\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: Khai d\u00e2n ch\u00ed, ch\u1ea5n d\u00e2n kh\u00ed v\u00e0 h\u1eadu d\u00e2n sinh<\/i><\/b>. \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch m\u1edbi m\u1ebb n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh Ngh\u0129a Th\u1ee5c. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, c\u00e1c ch\u00ed s\u0129 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1edd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 nhau, m\u00e0 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m sinh ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a con tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean mang d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 28.3.1907, ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ra \u0111\u1eddi t\u1edd b\u00e1o ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1edf ph\u00eda B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u1edd \u201c \u0110\u0103ng C\u1ed5 T\u00f9ng B\u00e1o<\/i>\u201d. T\u1edd b\u00e1o chia \u0111\u00f4i, \u00bd l\u00e0 H\u00e1n v\u0103n, \u00bd l\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef, c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung ri\u00eang r\u1ebd.<\/p>\n G\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u201c\u0110\u0103ng C\u1ed5 T\u00f9ng B\u00e1o\u201d l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u00e1o in b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i Nam \u0110\u1ed3ng V\u0103n Nh\u1eadt B\u00e1o\u201d. T\u1edd b\u00e1o c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 b\u00fat l\u00e0 \u0110\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng gi\u00e1p \u0110\u00e0o Nguy\u00ean Ph\u1ed5 (1861-1908) v\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 F.H.Schneider. Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 b\u00fat c\u1ee7a \u201c\u0110\u0103ng C\u1ed5 T\u00f9ng B\u00e1o\u201d ph\u1ea7n ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef.<\/p>\n Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 m\u00e3n nguy\u1ec7n b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, trong b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 vi\u1ebft t\u1eeb M\u00e1c X\u00e2y ng\u00e0y 27.6.1906 cho Ph\u1ea1m Duy T\u1ed1n, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e3i b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c duy t\u00e2n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eafm \u0111u\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra c\u00e1i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0m b\u00e1o, l\u00e0m v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c: \u201cNg\u1ed3i m\u00e0 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 g\u00e2y l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i sung s\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/i>…\u201d<\/i>(8)<\/sup><\/b>. <\/b>Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t trong h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0a ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef l\u00ean ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh \u1edf ph\u1ea7n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 b\u00fat m\u1ed9t t\u1edd b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u00e3n nguy\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n Ngay s\u1ed1 b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u201c\u0110\u0103ng C\u1ed5 T\u00f9ng B\u00e1o\u201d, b\u00e0i \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi An Nam n\u00ean vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef An Nam<\/b>\u201d th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 mang t\u00ednh tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a t\u1edd b\u00e1o. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cN\u01b0\u1edbc Nam x\u01b0a nay v\u1eabn c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng-n\u00f3i, m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng An-Nam l\u1ea1i hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng… Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft; \u0111\u1ebfn khi h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef t\u1ea7u, r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi l\u1ea5y ch\u1eef t\u1ea7u gh\u00e9p ra th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i ri\u00eang, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1eef n\u00f4m. Ch\u1eef n\u00f4m tuy vi\u1ebft qu\u1ea5y qu\u00e1 c\u0169ng th\u00e0nh ra gi\u1ea1ng ch\u1eef, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb9o m\u1ef1c g\u00ec, ai mu\u1ed1n vi\u1ebft th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec vi\u1ebft, th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i cao-\u0111o\u00e1n m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng… b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn, b\u00e0y ra ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c-ng\u1eef, ch\u1eafp v\u1ea7n theo nh\u01b0 ch\u1eef c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y; c\u00f3 m\u1eb9o m\u1ef1c, ba l\u00e0 ba, b\u1ed1n l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc d\u1ec5 bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau; S\u00e1ng \u00fd th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y, ngu \u0111\u1ea7n th\u00ec trong m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng.\u201d<\/i>(9)<\/sup> <\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 say x\u01b0a v\u00e0 h\u01b0ng ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00eau nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 thu l\u01b0\u1ee3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean m\u1eb7t b\u00e1o, h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u00e1ng t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u1eafm v\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n, nh\u1eb1m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n r\u00e1o ri\u1ebft t\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh Ngh\u0129a Th\u1ee5c l\u00e0 Khai d\u00e2n ch\u00ed<\/i><\/b>. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh \u1ea5p \u1ee7, nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111ang b\u1ee9c b\u1ed1i v\u00e0 k\u1ebb \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00e0nh gi\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfc micr\u00f4 duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a bu\u1ed5i t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh c\u1ea7n lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed n\u00e0y. Khi l\u00e0m t\u1edd b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c, n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1edd b\u00e1o, nh\u1eb1m d\u1eabn d\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, ch\u1ee9ng minh v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ngu \u0111\u1ea7n, h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng…!<\/i><\/p>\n H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean m\u1ee5c, c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, y t\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, an ninh, tin v\u1eafn qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, rao v\u1eb7t qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o…\u0111\u1ec1u m\u1ed9t tay con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c. Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh mu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00f3 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef n\u00e0y h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, d\u1ec5 h\u1ecdc qu\u00e1, v\u00e0 khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft th\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec1u, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau th\u1ee9, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01a1 ng\u00e1c khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y chi\u1ebfc b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i th\u1ed1t l\u00ean: sao c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e8n l\u1ea1i l\u1ed9n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi?<\/i><\/p>\n T\u1edd b\u00e1o v\u1edbi th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft d\u1ec5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh k\u1ebb quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho t\u1edd b\u00e1o ra \u0111\u1eddi. H\u1ecd s\u1ee3, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd gi\u00fap nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb b\u1ecb cai tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec sao m\u00ecnh ngh\u00e8o? V\u00ec sao m\u00ecnh kh\u1ed5? V\u00e0 s\u1ebd l\u1ed9 di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t chuy\u00ean h\u00e0 hi\u1ebfp, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n!<\/p>\n C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh Ngh\u0129a Th\u1ee5c! Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda t\u1edd b\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 \u201ch\u1ee3p t\u00e1c\u201d v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n \u201ckhai s\u00e1ng\u201d c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n. \u201c\u0110\u0103ng C\u1ed5 T\u00f9ng B\u00e1o\u201d \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e1m tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 quan ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng(10)<\/sup>.<\/b><\/p>\n Th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1907, Nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1eb7p t\u1eaft \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh Ngh\u0129a Th\u1ee5c, h\u1ecd b\u1eaft b\u1edb, b\u1ecf t\u00f9, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u1eed h\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Phong tr\u00e0o. \u201c\u0110\u0103ng C\u1ed5 T\u00f9ng B\u00e1o\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. S\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p khai d\u00e2n tr\u00ed c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf.<\/p>\n Ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9 v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n \u0111\u1ebfn cao \u0111\u1ed9, ng\u00e0y 11.12.1907, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft v\u0103n b\u1ea3n g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0i Hauser l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed1c l\u00fd H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i gay g\u1eaft ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd do \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u00f4ng tham gia phong tr\u00e0o n\u00e0y: \u201c… l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u00f4i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 3 \u00e2m l\u1ecbch\u2026 ph\u1ea7n 2 c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 d\u00e0nh cho ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb l\u1ea5y n\u00f3 l\u00e0m ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9…<\/i> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. T\u00f4i nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 v\u00ec t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n\u2026\u201d<\/i>(11)<\/sup><\/b><\/i><\/p>\n \u0110au x\u00f3t v\u00ec l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i d\u1eadp t\u1eaft, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edbn ti\u1ebfng k\u1ebft \u00e1n h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o:<\/p>\n \u201c<\/i>… vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda \u0110\u00f4ng kinh Ngh\u0129a th\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 h\u00e8n h\u1ea1\u2026 t\u00f4i xin ph\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p v\u1eeba thi h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.\u201d<\/i>(12)<\/sup><\/b><\/i><\/p>\n V\u1eady F.H.Schneider \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 \u201can \u1ee7i\u201d Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh? V\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u00f4ng ta c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng y\u00ean t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 chia tay v\u1edbi \u201cm\u1ed1i duy\u00ean\u201d Tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh! X\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5, Schneider \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u01a1n hai ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m tr\u1eddi v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng ngh\u00e0nh in \u1ea5n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh b\u00e1o ch\u00ed. Nh\u01b0ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh, h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta v\u1edbi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u1eabn \u0111ang dang d\u1edf…L\u00e0m sao \u00f4ng ta kh\u00f4ng \u201cti\u1ebfc nu\u1ed1i\u201d qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n hai ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m tr\u1eddi?! \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0, khi ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi, mu\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n An Nam ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef. V\u1eady m\u00e0, v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eed nhi\u1ec7m, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi \u201cH\u1ecd\u201d v\u1eeba \u201ct\u00f3m\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh, m\u1ed9t ch\u00e0ng trai \u0111ang xung m\u00e3n s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c, t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c d\u00e1m \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, h\u1eb3n s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eaft gi\u00e1 cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9?<\/p>\n C\u00f2n v\u1edbi Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh, \u00f4ng v\u1eeba m\u1edbi \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00bd b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1, b\u1ecb b\u00f3p ngh\u1eb9t, l\u00e0m sao kh\u00f4ng ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9, l\u00e0m sao l\u1ea1i b\u1ecf d\u1edf?!<\/p>\n Nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, Schneider v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd t\u00ecm m\u1ecdi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi nhau, th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u201cl\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng\u201d l\u1eabn nhau \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ea1ch r\u00f2i, minh b\u1ea1ch r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng<\/i>?!<\/p>\n H\u1ebeT PH\u1ea6N M\u1ed8T<\/b><\/p>\n Ph\u1ea7n 2<\/a><\/p>\n Ch\u00fa th\u00edch:<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n \n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Th\u01b0a c\u00e1c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3! L\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u Xu\u00e2n, BBT Tannamtu,com xin c\u00f3 l\u1eddi ch\u00fac t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p g\u1eedi c\u00e1c ch\u1ecb, c\u00e1c anh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi trang th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh. C\u1ea7u cho m\u1ed9t n\u0103m m\u1edbi t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i thu\u1eadn chi\u1ec1u theo quy […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2293,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[19,1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/tv6_thumb.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2294"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2294"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2294\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2304,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2294\/revisions\/2304"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2293"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2294"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2294"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2294"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"tv6\"](\"https:\/\/tannamtu.id.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/tv6_thumb.jpg\" "\\"tv6\\"")
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